{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:13:44Z","timestamp":1768522424750,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Cognitive impairment has become an important problem in ischemic cerebrovascular disorder survivors as disease related deaths have been significantly reduced. Aerobic exercise, the most prevalent mode of physical activity, positively contributes to cognition in both healthy population and people with cognitive impairment. However, studies on its associations with cognitive gains in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease showed mixed findings.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> To explore the cognitive effects of aerobic exercise on ischemic cerebrovascular disorder survivors and investigate the possible moderators on exercise benefits.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold> Randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of sole aerobic exercise on cognitive function in population with ischemic intracranial vascular disorder compared to any control group who did not receive the intervention were enrolled in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Four online database (Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science) were searched.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The initial search returned 1,522 citations and ultimately 11 studies were included in the systematic review. Analysis of seven studies showed the beneficial but not statistically significant impact of aerobic exercise on global cognitive function (0.13; 95% Cl \u22120.09 to 0.35; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.25). Participants already with cognitive impairment benefited more from this intervention (0.31; 95% Cl 0.07\u20130.55; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01) and moderate intensity might be the optimal choice (0.34; 95% Cl \u22120.01 to 0.69; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.06). The program duration and initiation time after stroke occurrence did not predict better cognitive outcome. Aerobic exercise was not associated with improvement of processing speed and executive function, the two subdomains of cognitive function.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Aerobic exercise may contribute to cognitive gains in survivors of ischemic cerebrovascular disorder, especially for population already with cognitive decline. Our findings suggest that the adoption of moderate intensity aerobic exercise might improve cognition in such population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.582380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T05:32:46Z","timestamp":1608269566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Cognitive Gains of Aerobic Exercise in Patients With Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yimei","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanrong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1573","article-title":"High-intensity aerobic interval training for patients 3\u20139 months after stroke","volume":"19","author":"Askim","year":"2014","journal-title":"A feasibility study. Physiother. Res. Int"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.307","article-title":"Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170221","article-title":"Sex difference in aerobic exercise efficacy to improve cognition in older adults with vascular cognitive impairment: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Barha Cindy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2017.04.002","article-title":"Sex differences in exercise efficacy to improve cognition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in older humans. Front","volume":"46","author":"Barha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2019.07.002","article-title":"Modulation of synaptic plasticity by exercise","volume":"147","author":"Bettio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Res. Neurobiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000022","article-title":"Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"45","author":"Billinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2009.07.010","article-title":"Alzheimer disease, memory and estrogen","volume":"166","author":"Blanc","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215518791007","article-title":"Effects of combined intervention of physical exercise and cognitive training on cognitive function in stroke survivors with vascular cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Bo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3224-7","article-title":"The training and detraining effect of high-intensity interval training on post-exercise hypotension in young overweight\/obese women","volume":"116","author":"Bonsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01889-7","article-title":"The effect of exercise on memory and BDNF signaling is dependent on intensity","volume":"224","author":"Cefis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02728-1","article-title":"Effects of treadmill exercise on motor and cognitive function recovery of MCAO mice through the caveolin-1\/VEGF signaling pathway in ischemic penumbra","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.t01-1-01430","article-title":"Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study","volume":"14","author":"Colcombe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M176","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.2.M176","article-title":"Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans","volume":"58","author":"Colcombe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gerontol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400266101","volume":"101","author":"Colcombe","year":"2004","journal-title":"NAS"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.06.011","article-title":"Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation","volume":"30","author":"Cotman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1017\/S0714980818000582","article-title":"The effect of aerobic exercise on white matter hyperintensity progression may vary by sex","volume":"38","author":"Dao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Aging"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000346","article-title":"The effect of low-intensity aerobic training on cognitive functions of severely deconditioned subacute and chronic stroke patients: a randomized, controlled pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Debreceni-Nagy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308426","article-title":"Vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"120","author":"Dichgans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.02.084","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I interfaces with brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity to modulate aspects of exercise-induced cognitive function","volume":"140","author":"Ding","year":"","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2174\/156720206775541787","article-title":"Cerebral angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic factors in aging rats after exercise","volume":"3","author":"Ding","year":"","journal-title":"Curr. Neurovasc. Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035217","article-title":"Plasma BDNF is associated with age-related white matter atrophy but not with cognitive function in older, non-demented adults","volume":"7","author":"Driscoll","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160727","article-title":"Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: a key mechanism leading to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Closing the translational gap between rodent models and human vascular cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"131","author":"Duncombe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-131020","article-title":"Aerobic exercises enhance cognitive functions and brain derived neurotrophic factor in ischemic stroke patients","volume":"34","author":"El-Tamawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.12.002","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) as a marker of cognitive decline in normal ageing: a review","volume":"42","author":"Frater","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.02.018","article-title":"The effect of exercise training on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Gates","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.01.077","article-title":"Down-regulation of IGF-1\/IGF-1R in hippocampus of rats with vascular dementia","volume":"513","author":"Gong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e3182299496","article-title":"Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: astatement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"42","author":"Gorelick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-4304-8_9","article-title":"\u201cClinical evidence of exercise benefits for stroke,\u201d","volume-title":"Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment","author":"Han","year":"2017"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001567","article-title":"Effects of different exercise modes on arterial stiffness and nitric oxide synthesis","volume":"50","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096846","article-title":"Aerobic exercise promotes executive functions and impacts functional neural activity among older adults with vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"52","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brit. J. Sport Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00344","article-title":"The impact of aerobic exercise on fronto-parietal network connectivity and its relation to mobility: an exploratory analysis of a 6-month randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1204629","article-title":"Monetary costs of dementia in the United States","volume":"368","author":"Hurd","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2588","article-title":"A physical activity intervention to prevent cognitive decline after stroke: Secondary results from the Life After STroke. study, an 18-month randomized controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Ihle-Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med"},{"key":"B35","volume-title":"Clocking the Mind: Mental Chronometry and Individual Differences","author":"Jensen","year":"2006"},{"key":"B36","unstructured":"Stroke Recovery Timeline2020"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.01.015","article-title":"Stroke injury, cognitive impairment and vascular dementia","volume":"1862","author":"Kalaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"BBA-Mol. Basis Dis"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2615","article-title":"Sex differences in the effects of exercise on cognition post-stroke: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial","author":"Khattab","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.026","article-title":"Changes in fitness are associated with changes in hippocampal microstructure and hippocampal volume among older adults","volume":"131","author":"Kleemeyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2008.07.014","article-title":"BDNF is a novel marker of cognitive function in ageing women: the DR's EXTRA study","volume":"90","author":"Komulainen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003332","article-title":"Aerobic exercise and vascular cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"87","author":"Liu-Ambrose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.10.004","article-title":"Physical activity and the brain: a review of this dynamic, bi-directional relationship","volume":"1539","author":"Loprinzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8067045","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8067045","article-title":"Oxidative stress-related endothelial damage in vascular depression and vascular cognitive impairment: beneficial effects of aerobic physical exercise","volume":"2019","author":"Luca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216669183","article-title":"Optimally estimating the sample mean from the sample size, median, mid-range, and\/or mid-quartile range","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stat.Methods Med. Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.36395","article-title":"Exercise capacity early after stroke","volume":"83","author":"MacKay-Lyons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2174\/156720501108140910122849","article-title":"Physical exercise in MCI elderly promotes reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and improvements on cognition and BDNF peripheral levels","volume":"11","author":"Manuela Crispim Nascimento","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00377701","article-title":"Relationship of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity to intensity during dynamic exercise in normal subjects","volume":"67","author":"Moraine","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14593","article-title":"Light aerobic exercise modulates executive function and cortical excitability","volume":"51","author":"Morris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2015.10.001","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor correlates with functional and cognitive impairment in non-disabled older individuals","volume":"72","author":"Navarro-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l5101","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5101","article-title":"Physical fitness training in patients with subacute stroke (PHYS-STROKE): multicentre, randomised controlled, endpoint blinded trial","volume":"366","author":"Nave","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096587","article-title":"Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Northey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017319","article-title":"Effects of physical activity on poststroke cognitive function","volume":"48","author":"Oberlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.026","article-title":"The effect of physical activity or exercise on key biomarkers in atherosclerosis\u2014a systematic review","volume":"235","author":"Palmefors","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493018789543","article-title":"Combining aerobic exercise and cognitive training in chronic stroke; enhanced cognition predicted by IGF-1","volume":"13","author":"Ploughman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319832605","article-title":"Synergistic benefits of combined aerobic and cognitive training on fluid intelligence and the role of IGF-1 in chronic stroke","volume":"33","author":"Ploughman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.06.063","article-title":"Aerobic fitness is associated with grey matter volume and white matter integrity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"1341","author":"Prakash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309338193","article-title":"Aerobic exercise improves cognition and motor function poststroke","volume":"23","author":"Quaney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehab. Neural. Res"},{"key":"B58","volume-title":"ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Resting and Prescription, 10th Edn","author":"Riebe","year":"2018"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.11.011","article-title":"Combined aerobic exercise and task practice improve health-related quality of life poststroke: apreliminary analysis","volume":"100","author":"Rosenfeldt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.001","article-title":"Physical activity and memory functions: an interventional study","volume":"32","author":"Ruscheweyh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2011.00731.x","article-title":"Dementia, stroke, and vascular risk factors; a review","volume":"7","author":"Sahathevan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0210036","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210036","article-title":"Dose-response relationship between exercise and cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Sanders","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2012.715144","article-title":"Fitness and cognitive processing speed in persons with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional investigation","volume":"34","author":"Sandroff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsyc"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1159\/000347061","article-title":"Train the vessel, gain the brain: physical activity and vessel function and the impact on stroke prevention and outcome in cerebrovascular disease","volume":"35","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.5.7720680","article-title":"The effect of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement on brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in cortical and hippocampal brain regions of female Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"136","author":"Singh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11110","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.24.11110","article-title":"Identification of a putative estrogen response element in the gene encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"92","author":"Sohrabji","year":"1995","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.01.002","article-title":"The effectiveness of physical exercise on cognitive and psychological outcomes in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1209","article-title":"Neuropsychological characteristics of mild vascular cognitive impairment and dementia after stroke","volume":"19","author":"Stephens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psych"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007003","article-title":"Effect of aerobic exercise on cognition in younger adults: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"48","author":"Stern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12156","article-title":"Exercise-induced changes in cardiovascular function after stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2163","article-title":"High- and low-intensity exercise do not improve cognitive function after stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006649","article-title":"Aerobic, resistance, and cognitive exercise training poststroke","volume":"46","author":"Tiozzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18003","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.3","article-title":"Vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"4","author":"Van der Flier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/6368","article-title":"Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus","volume":"2","author":"Van Praag","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03720.x","article-title":"Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition","volume":"20","author":"Vaynman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170803","article-title":"Update on vascular cognitive impairment associated with subcortical small-vessel disease","volume":"62","author":"Wallin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135","article-title":"Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and\/or interquartile range","volume":"14","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9851","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009851","article-title":"Extranuclear estrogen receptors mediate the neuroprotective effects of estrogen in the rat hippocampus","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD005381","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005381.pub4","article-title":"Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment","volume":"2015","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12682","article-title":"Aging well: processing speed inhibition and working memory related Sto balance and aerobic endurance","volume":"17","author":"Zettel-Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.07.035","article-title":"Aerobic exercises for cognition rehabilitation following stroke: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S163067","article-title":"Effects of a specially designed aerobic dance routine on mild cognitive impairment","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2020.582380\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T05:32:58Z","timestamp":1608269578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2020.582380\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2020.582380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2020.582380","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"article-number":"582380"}}