{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:50:13Z","timestamp":1789696213983,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is a type of newborn disorder caused by the deficiency or late appearance of lung surfactant, a mixture of lipids and proteins. Studies have shown that lung surfactant replacement therapy could effectively reduce the morbidity and mortality of NRDS, and the therapeutic effect of animal-derived surfactant preparation, although with its limitations, performs much better than that of protein-free synthetic ones. Plasmalogens are a type of ether phospholipids present in multiple human tissues, including lung and lung surfactant. Plasmalogens are known to promote and stabilize non-lamellar hexagonal phase structure in addition to their significant antioxidant property. Nevertheless, they are nearly ignored and underappreciated in the lung surfactant-related research. This report will focus on plasmalogens, a minor yet potentially vital component of lung surfactant, and also discuss their biophysical properties and functions as anti-oxidation, structural modification, and surface tension reduction at the alveolar surface. At the end, we boldly propose a novel synthetic protein-free lung surfactant preparation with plasmalogen modification as an alternative strategy for surfactant replacement therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.618102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T08:51:31Z","timestamp":1613638291000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Potential Role of Bioactive Plasmalogens in Lung Surfactant"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ruijiang","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pu","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rokshana","family":"Parvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuru","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200603055","article-title":"Cubic membranes: a legend beyond the Flatland\u2217 of cell membrane organization.","volume":"173","author":"Almsherqi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1937-6448(08)02006-6","article-title":"Chapter 6: cubic membranes the missing dimension of cell membrane organization.","volume":"274","author":"Almsherqi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1701239114","article-title":"Effect of cholesterol on the molecular structure and transitions in a clinical-grade lung surfactant extract.","volume":"114","author":"Andersson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000144.pub2","article-title":"Animal derived surfactant extract versus protein free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome.","volume":"26","author":"Ardell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/532071","article-title":"Diverse functions of pulmonary collectins in host defense of the lung.","volume":"2012","author":"Ariki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(84)90048-1","article-title":"Role of calcium ions the structure and function of pulmonary surfactant.","volume":"793","author":"Benson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02531518","article-title":"The phospholipid composition of pig lung surfactant.","volume":"6","author":"Body","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2012.05.008","article-title":"Functions of plasmalogen lipids in health and disease.","volume":"1822","author":"Braverman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9399","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA117.000222","article-title":"Homo- and hetero-oligomerization of hydrophobic pulmonary surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C in surfactant phospholipid membranes.","volume":"293","author":"Cabr\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114798","article-title":"Antioxidant macromolecules in the epithelial lining fluid of the normal human lower respiratory tract.","volume":"86","author":"Cantin","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/15513810109168821","article-title":"Role of surfactant protein A (SP-A)\/lipid interactions for SP-A functions in the lung.","volume":"20","author":"Casals","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pathol. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/pl00006647","article-title":"Microstructure and dynamic surface properties of surfactant protein SP-B\/dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine interfacial films spread from lipid-protein bilayers.","volume":"29","author":"Cruz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Biophys. J."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(78)90108-6","article-title":"Effects of cholesterol on the properties of equimolar mixtures of synthetic phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. A 31P NMR and differential scanning calorimetry study.","volume":"513","author":"Cullis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(78)90109-8","article-title":"The polymorphic phase behaviour of phosphatidylethanolamines of natural and synthetic origin. A 31P NMR study.","volume":"513","author":"Cullis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1159\/000349942","article-title":"New generation synthetic surfactants.","volume":"103","author":"Curstedt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1405-0_12","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of surfactant","author":"Dani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perinatal and Prenatal Disorders, Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-017-0423-5","article-title":"Structural and functional roles of ether lipids.","volume":"9","author":"Dean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"131","article-title":"Absence of tubular myelin in lungs of infants dying with hyaline membrane disease.","volume":"127","author":"deMello","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-130435","article-title":"Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is a critical determinant of cubic membrane formation in amoeba Chaos mitochondria.","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2015.0012","article-title":"Evolution of cubic membranes as antioxidant defence system.","volume":"5","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interf. Focus"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2016.0113","article-title":"Evaluation of radical scavenging system in amoeba Chaos carolinense during nutrient deprivation.","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interf. Focus"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/107385840100700308","article-title":"Plasmalogens: workhorse lipids of membranes in normal and injured neurons and glia.","volume":"7","author":"Farooqui","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(68)90040-4","article-title":"The phospholipids of various sheep organs, rat liver and of their subcellular fractions.","volume":"152","author":"Getz","year":"1968","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.58.1.152","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of lamellar bodies and tubular myelin from rat lung homogenates.","volume":"58","author":"Gil","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)39561-4","article-title":"Lipids of human leukocytes: relation to celltype.","volume":"8","author":"Gottfried","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(75)90152-6","article-title":"Phosphatidylglycerol in lung surfactant. II. Subcellular distribution and mechanism of biosynthesis in vitro.","volume":"409","author":"Hallman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197706000-00003","article-title":"Absence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. Study of the minor surfactant phospholipids in newborns.","volume":"11","author":"Hallman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13500","article-title":"The fascinating story of surfactant.","volume":"53","author":"Halliday","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0750-8","article-title":"Surfactant replacement therapy: from biological basis to current clinical practice.","volume":"88","author":"Hentschel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6978","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA12008G","article-title":"Factors affecting the structure of lyotropic liquid crystals and the correlation between structure and drug diffusion.","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13465","article-title":"On the road to unraveling the molecular functions of ether lipids.","volume":"593","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Rojo","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1997.00675.x","article-title":"Molecular structures and interactions of pulmonary surfactant components.","volume":"244","author":"Johansson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108468","article-title":"Enhancement of bactericidal capacity of alveolar macrophages by human alveolar lining material.","volume":"58","author":"Juers","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-3084(95)02451-n","article-title":"Delay of copper-catalyzed oxidation of low density lipoprotein by in vitro enrichment with choline or ethanolamine Plasmalogens.","volume":"77","author":"J\u00fcrgens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-009-0566-4","article-title":"Peroxisomes in airway epithelia and future prospects of these organelles for pulmonary cell biology.","volume":"131","author":"Karnati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.26442\/00403660.2020.03.000275","article-title":"Surfactant proteins A and D: role in the pathogenesis of community-acquired pneumonia and possible predictive perspectives.","volume":"92","author":"Kharlamova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ter. Arkh."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/s0891-5849(98)00211-1","article-title":"Susceptibility of plasmenyl glycero-phosphoethanolamine lipids containing arachidonate to oxidative degradation.","volume":"26","author":"Khaselev","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091670403","article-title":"Morphology of alveolar lining layer.","volume":"167","author":"Kikkawa","year":"1970","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.03.017","article-title":"Clinical, technological, and economic issues associated with developing new lung surfactant therapeutics.","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-018-1747-9","article-title":"The micromechanics of lung alveoli: structure and function of surfactant and tissue components.","volume":"150","author":"Knudsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12754","article-title":"The biophysical properties of plasmalogens originating from their unique molecular architecture.","volume":"591","author":"Koivuniemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)00660-2","article-title":"From entangled membranes to eclectic morphologies: cubic membranes as subcellular space organizers.","volume":"369","author":"Landh","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2013.07.003","article-title":"Periodic minimal surface organizations of the lipid bilayer at the lung surface and in cubic cytomembrane assemblies.","volume":"205","author":"Larsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065x.2000.917308.x","article-title":"The roles of surfactant proteins A and D in innate immunity.","volume":"173","author":"Lawson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.2174\/092986709788682164","article-title":"Plasmalogens in biological systems: their role in oxidative processes in biological membranes, their contribution to pathological processes and aging and plasmalogen analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Lessig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(91)90277-f","article-title":"Stabilization of non-bilayer structures by the etherlipid ethanolamine plasmalogen.","volume":"1061","author":"Lohner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-3084(96)02580-7","article-title":"Is the high propensity of ethanolamine plasmalogens to form non-lamellar lipid structures manifested in the properties of biomembranes?","volume":"81","author":"Lohner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.012","article-title":"Plasmalogen phospholipids protect internodal myelin from oxidative damage.","volume":"84","author":"Luoma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17718","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)84630-6","article-title":"Distribution of arachidonic acid in choline- and ethanolamine-containing phosphoglycerides in subfractionated human neutrophils.","volume":"264","author":"MacDonald","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.11.023","article-title":"The administration of surfactant decreased oxidative stress in lungs of mice exposed to cigarette smoke.","volume":"54","author":"Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(83)90200-x","article-title":"Subfractionation of lung surfactant. Implications for metabolism and surface activity.","volume":"750","author":"Magoon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(87)90333-6","article-title":"Structure and dynamics of plasmalogen model membranes containing cholesterol: a deuterium NMR study.","volume":"900","author":"Malthaner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02533956","article-title":"Lipid changes in HL-60 cells on differentiation into macrophages by treatment with a phorbol ester.","volume":"30","author":"Manning","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(90)90105-6","article-title":"Characterization of antioxidant activities of pulmonary surfactant mixtures.","volume":"1035","author":"Matalon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.F286","article-title":"Surfactant proteins and inflammation: the Yin and the Yang.","volume":"31","author":"Matalon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)38001-3","article-title":"Disappearance of plasmalogens from membranes of animal cells subjected to photosensitized oxidation.","volume":"263","author":"Morand","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37812-3","article-title":"1-O-alkyl-linked glycerophospholipids of human neutrophils: distribution of arachidonate and other acyl residues in the ether-linked and diacyl species.","volume":"25","author":"Mueller","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02535178","article-title":"Ether lipid content and fatty acid distribution ipolymorphonuclear neutrophil phospholipids.","volume":"17","author":"Mueller","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.m200363-jlr200","article-title":"Deficiency in ethanolamine plasmalogen leads to altered cholesterol transport.","volume":"44","author":"Munn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163-7827(01)00003-0","article-title":"Plasmalogens: biosynthesis and functions.","volume":"40","author":"Nagan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.07.090","article-title":"Two sides of the coin. Part 2. Colloid and surface science meets real biointerfaces.","volume":"159","author":"Ninham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerf."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482270426","author":"Notter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lung Surfactants: Basic Science and Clinical Applications."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.2174\/138955707781662627","article-title":"Novel phospholipase-resistant lipid\/peptide synthetic lung surfactants.","volume":"7","author":"Notter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mini. Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2016.09.008","article-title":"Pulmonary surfactant metabolism in the alveolar airspace: biogenesis, extracellular conversions, recycling.","volume":"209","author":"Olmeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1071\/rd02087","article-title":"The pattern of surfactant cholesterol during vertebrate evolution and development: does ontogeny recapitulate phylogeny?","volume":"15","author":"Orgeig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2014.09.002","article-title":"Composition, structure and mechanical properties define performance of pulmonary surfactant membranes and films.","volume":"185","author":"Parra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200701-018AW","article-title":"Immunomodulatory roles of surfactant proteins A and D: implications in lung disease.","volume":"4","author":"Pastva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3617","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.8.3617","article-title":"Formation of lung surfactant films from intact lamellar bodies.","volume":"74","author":"Paul","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5273.330","article-title":"Role of lipid polymorphism in pulmonary surfactant.","volume":"273","author":"Perkins","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-3084(72)90033-3","article-title":"Phosphatidyl glycerol\u2013a major component of pulmonary surfactant.","volume":"9","author":"Pfleger","year":"1972","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950190611","article-title":"The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","volume":"19","author":"Pierce","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0156557","article-title":"Lipid rafts are enriched in arachidonic acid and plasmenylethanolamine and their composition is independent of caveolin-1 expression: A quantitative electrospray ionization\/mass spectrometric analysis.","volume":"41","author":"Pike","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1139\/o84-146","article-title":"Pulmonary surfactant.","volume":"62","author":"Possmayer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00052a005","article-title":"Identification of phosphocholine plasmalogen as a lipid component in mammalian pulmonary surfactant using high-resolution 31P NMR spectroscopy.","volume":"32","author":"Rana","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3230807","article-title":"Delayed oxidative degradation of polyunsaturated diacyl phospholipids in the presence of plasmalogen phospholipids in vitro.","volume":"323","author":"Reiss","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2008.05.002","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids as antioxidants.","volume":"57","author":"Richard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01723","article-title":"Regulation of phagocytosis in macrophages by membrane ethanolamine plasmalogens.","volume":"9","author":"Rubio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3020665","article-title":"Synthesis and secretion of plasmalogens by type-II pneumocytes.","volume":"302","author":"R\u00fcstow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg191","article-title":"Inactivation of ether lipid biosynthesis causes male infertility, defects in eye development and optic nerve hypoplasia in mice.","volume":"12","author":"Rodemer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L143","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1998.274.1.L143","article-title":"Plasmalogens effectively reduce the surface tension of surfactant-like phospholipid mixtures.","volume":"274","author":"R\u00fcdiger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L379","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00176.2004","article-title":"Naturally derived commercial surfactants differ in composition of surfactant lipids and in surface viscosity.","volume":"288","author":"R\u00fcdiger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200005000-00052","article-title":"Preterm infants with high polyunsaturated fatty acid and plasmalogen content in tracheal aspirates develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia less often.","volume":"28","author":"R\u00fcdiger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091980310","article-title":"Isolation of lung lamellar bodies and their conversion to tubular myelin figures in vitro.","volume":"198","author":"Sanders","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2007-00025-7","article-title":"Bicontinuous geometries and molecular self-assembly:comparison of local curvature and global packing variations in genus-three cubic, tetragonal and rhombohedral surfaces.","volume":"54","author":"Schr\u00f6der-Turk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Phy. J. B"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2006.02.017","article-title":"Protein-lipid interactions and surface activity in the pulmonary surfactant system.","volume":"141","author":"Serrano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1177\/14.12.884","article-title":"A morphologic and cytochemical study on the great alveolar cell.","volume":"14","author":"Sorokin","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(82)90279-X","article-title":"Ether phospholipids in guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. Occurrence of high levels of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.","volume":"712","author":"Sugiura","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/140.1.75","article-title":"Reconstitution of tubular myelin from synthetic lipids and proteins associated with pig pulmonary surfactant.","volume":"140","author":"Suzuki","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(85)90148-3","article-title":"Ether-phospholipid composition in neutrophils and platelets.","volume":"38","author":"Tenc\u00e9","year":"1985","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109499","article-title":"Changes in sedimentation of surfactant in ventilated excised rat lungs. Physical alterations in surfactant associated with the development and reversal of atelectasis.","volume":"64","author":"Thet","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-3084(99)00042-0","article-title":"Plasmalogens reduce the viscosity of a surfactant-like phospholipid monolayer.","volume":"110","author":"T\u00f6lle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000047051","article-title":"Lung surfactant protein A and D and innate immune defense.","volume":"77","author":"Vaandrager","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)39118-5","article-title":"Differential activity and lack of synergy of lung surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C in interactions with phospholipids.","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1021\/tx900306p","article-title":"Low-concentration ozone reacts with plasmalogen glycerophosphoethanolamine lipids in lung surfactant.","volume":"23","author":"Wynalda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/s0005-2736(00)00256-x","article-title":"Role of pulmonary surfactant components in surface film formation and dynamics.","volume":"1467","author":"Veldhuizen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2011.06.008","article-title":"Plasmalogens the neglected regulatory and scavenging lipid species.","volume":"164","author":"Wallner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2019.1589372","article-title":"Advances in synthetic lung surfactant protein technology.","volume":"13","author":"Walther","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(68)90006-6","article-title":"Electron microscopic demonstration of an extracellular duplex lining layer of alveoli.","volume":"4","author":"Weibel","year":"1968","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00406293","article-title":"A stereologic electron microscope study of \u201cTubular Myelin Figures\u201d in alveolar fluids of rat lungs.","volume":"69","author":"Weibel","year":"1966","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.72.2.260","article-title":"Conversion of lamellar body membranes into tubular myelin in alveoli of fetal rat lungs.","volume":"72","author":"Williams","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.1.19","article-title":"Neutrophil-mediated pulmonary vascular injury. synergistic effect of trace amounts of lipopolysaccharide and neutrophil stimuli on vascular permeability and neutrophil sequestration in the lung.","volume":"136","author":"Worthen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2005.05.001","article-title":"Interfacial properties of pulmonary surfactant layers.","volume":"117","author":"W\u00fcstneck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01713.x","article-title":"Oxygen-dependent cleavage of the vinylether linkage of plasmalogens. 2. Identification of the lowmolecular-weight active component and the reaction mechanism.","volume":"25","author":"Yavin","year":"1972","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3109\/01902149209064342","article-title":"Three-dimensional reconstruction of tubular myelin.","volume":"18","author":"Young","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2005.7.157","article-title":"Free radical oxidation of plasmalogen glycerophosphocholine containing esterified docosahexaenoic acid: structure determination by mass spectrometry.","volume":"7","author":"Zemski Berry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H671","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00524.2001","article-title":"Increasing plasmalogen levels protects human endothelial cells during hypoxia.","volume":"283","author":"Zoeller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11590","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)38000-1","article-title":"A possible role for plasmalogens in protecting animal cells against photosensitized killing.","volume":"263","author":"Zoeller","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.618102\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T08:51:39Z","timestamp":1613638299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.618102\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2021.618102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.618102","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"article-number":"618102"}}