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Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cleft lip with\/without cleft palate (CL\/P) is one of the most common congenital birth defects, showing the complexity of both genetic and environmental contributions [e.g., maternal exposure to alcohol, cigarette, and retinoic acid (RA)] in humans. Recent studies suggest that epigenetic factors, including microRNAs (miRs), are altered by various environmental factors. In this study, to investigate whether and how miRs are involved in cleft palate (CP) induced by excessive intake of <jats:italic>all-trans<\/jats:italic> RA (<jats:italic>at<\/jats:italic>RA), we evaluated top 10 candidate miRs, which were selected through our bioinformatic analyses, in mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal (MEPM) cells as well as in mouse embryos treated with <jats:italic>at<\/jats:italic>RA. Among them, overexpression of miR-27a-3p, miR-27b-3p, and miR-124-3p resulted in the significant reduction of cell proliferation in MEPM cells through the downregulation of CP-associated genes. Notably, we found that excessive <jats:italic>at<\/jats:italic>RA upregulated the expression of miR-124-3p, but not of miR-27a-3p and miR-27b-3p, in both <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Importantly, treatment with a specific inhibitor for miR-124-3p restored decreased cell proliferation through the normalization of target gene expression in <jats:italic>at<\/jats:italic>RA-treated MEPM cells and <jats:italic>at<\/jats:italic>RA-exposed mouse embryos, resulting in the rescue of CP in mice. Taken together, our results indicate that <jats:italic>at<\/jats:italic>RA causes CP through the induction of miR-124-3p in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.621045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T08:09:17Z","timestamp":1623226157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["MicroRNA-124-3p Plays a Crucial Role in Cleft Palate Induced by Retinoic Acid"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yurie","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai Shankar","family":"Ramakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420400602","article-title":"Etiology of retinoic acid-induced cleft palate varies with the embryonic stage.","volume":"40","author":"Abbott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.22002","article-title":"Morphological defects in a novel Rdh10 mutant that has reduced retinoic acid biosynthesis and signaling.","volume":"50","author":"Ashique","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.9503.1","article-title":"Genetic factors influencing risk to orofacial clefts: today\u2019s challenges and tomorrow\u2019s opportunities.","volume":"5","author":"Beaty","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117521","article-title":"Public drinking water contamination and birth outcomes.","volume":"141","author":"Bove","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. 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