{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:50:06Z","timestamp":1778586606897,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>is an obligate intracellular protozoan that can cause encephalitis and retinitis in humans. The success of<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>as a pathogen depends in part on its ability to form an intracellular niche (parasitophorous vacuole) that allows protection from lysosomal degradation and parasite replication. The parasitophorous vacuole can be targeted by autophagy or by autophagosome-independent processes triggered by autophagy proteins. However,<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>has developed many strategies to preserve the integrity of the parasitophorous vacuole. Here, we review the interaction between<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>, autophagy, and autophagy proteins and expand on recent advances in the field, including the importance of autophagy in the regulation of invasion of the brain and retina by the parasite. We discuss studies that have begun to explore the potential therapeutic applications of the knowledge gained thus far.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.673813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T09:53:41Z","timestamp":1623232421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Recent Advances in the Roles of Autophagy and Autophagy Proteins in Host Cells During Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Potential Therapeutic Implications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Carlos S.","family":"Subauste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.73.5.3115-3123.2005","article-title":"CD40 signaling in macrophages induces anti-microbial activity against an intracellular pathogen independently of IFN-(and reactive nitrogen intermediates.","volume":"73","author":"Andrade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. 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