{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:10:40Z","timestamp":1787026240416,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    fertilization (IVF) is an important assisted reproductive technology in treating infertility, whose failure rate is still high. Studies suggested that uterine microbiota are related to women\u2019s reproductive diseases and persisting intrauterine bacterial infectious conditions, such as chronic endometritis (CE), impairing the pregnant processes. However, the relationship between uterine microbiota and IVF outcomes is still an open question. In the present study, 94 patients diagnosed with infertility were enrolled and were divided into CE (E group,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 25) and non-CE (NE group,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 69) groups depending on the hysteroscopy and immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, E (Ep,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 8 and Enp,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 17) and NE (NEp,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 41 and NEnp,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 28) groups were divided into pregnancy and non-pregnancy groups depending on the IVF outcomes, respectively. The uterine fluids were collected and microbial profiles were examined through the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. The results demonstrated that patients with CE had significantly lower clinical pregnancy rate compared with the non-CE patients (32 vs. 58.42%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0014). The relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were higher in the non-CE group, whereas high abundances of Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria were observed in the CE group at the phylum level. At the genus level, high relative abundances of\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n                    were observed in the CE group and non-pregnancy groups, which significantly referred to the negative IVF outcome. In conclusion, CE may be a key factor for the negative outcome after IVF, of which the uterine microbiota plays a pivotal role, and the microbial diversity in uterine may serve as a biomarker to forecast the success of IVF outcome.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.693267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T01:12:40Z","timestamp":1628817160000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Identification of Uterine Microbiota in Infertile Women Receiving in vitro Fertilization With and Without Chronic Endometritis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Weijun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kehong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingtao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buzhen","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02387","article-title":"Uterine Immunity and Microbiota: A Shifting Paradigm.","volume":"10","author":"Agostinis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02823","article-title":"Immunological Role of the Maternal Uterine Microbiome in Pregnancy: Pregnancies Pathologies and Alterated Microbiota.","volume":"10","author":"Bardos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0414-2","article-title":"Recurrent Implantation Failure-update overview on etiology, diagnosis, treatment and future directions.","volume":"16","author":"Bashiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy012","article-title":"How uterine microbiota might be responsible for a receptive, fertile endometrium.","volume":"24","author":"Benner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010039","article-title":"Lactobacillus iners and gasseri, Prevotella bivia and HPV Belong to the Microbiological Signature Negatively Affecting Human Reproduction.","volume":"9","author":"Campisciano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-020-01878-4","article-title":"Controlled ovarian stimulation and progesterone supplementation affect vaginal and endometrial microbiota in IVF cycles: a pilot study.","volume":"37","author":"Carosso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00901-0","article-title":"The microbiota continuum along the female reproductive tract and its relation to uterine-related diseases.","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2147\/ijwh.S142730","article-title":"The oral microbiome and adverse pregnancy outcomes.","volume":"9","author":"Cobb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2013.08.011","article-title":"Recurrent implantation failure: definition and management.","volume":"28","author":"Coughlan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01967084","article-title":"Bacterial colonization of the non-pregnant uterus: a study of pre-menopausal abdominal hysterectomy specimens.","volume":"11","author":"Cowling","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12076","article-title":"Altered transcriptional regulation of cytokines, growth factors, and apoptotic proteins in the endometrium of infertile women with chronic endometritis.","volume":"69","author":"Di Pietro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.06.019","article-title":"Chronic endometritis is associated with an altered microbiome, but what about treatment and clinical outcomes?","volume":"112","author":"Franasiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.10.012","article-title":"Reproductive tract microbiome in assisted reproductive technologies.","volume":"104","author":"Franasiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-019-01630-7","article-title":"Does dysbiotic endometrium affect blastocyst implantation in IVF patients?","volume":"36","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13937","article-title":"Review: chronic endometritis and its effect on reproduction.","volume":"45","author":"Kimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2010.98","article-title":"Aberrant expression of selectin E. CXCL1, and CXCL13 in chronic endometritis.","volume":"23","author":"Kitaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.04.012","article-title":"Endometritis: new time, new concepts.","volume":"110","author":"Kitaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10120971","article-title":"Human endometrial microbiota at term of normal pregnancies.","volume":"10","author":"Leoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.09.001","article-title":"Evaluation of peripheral and uterine immune status of chronic endometritis in patients with recurrent reproductive failure.","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del305","article-title":"Investigation and treatment of repeated implantation failure following IVF-ET.","volume":"21","author":"Margalioth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10040593","article-title":"New opportunities for endometrial health by modifying uterine microbial composition: present or future?","volume":"10","author":"Molina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.05.034","article-title":"Endometrial microbiota-new player in town.","volume":"108","author":"Moreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.02.012","article-title":"The diagnosis of chronic endometritis in infertile asymptomatic women: a comparative study of histology, microbial cultures, hysteroscopy, and molecular microbiology.","volume":"218","author":"Moreno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.09.075","article-title":"Evidence that the endometrial microbiota has an effect on implantation success or failure.","volume":"215","author":"Moreno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15974","article-title":"Re-assessing microbiomes in the low-biomass reproductive niche.","volume":"127","author":"O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00075-15","article-title":"The Human Microbiome during Bacterial Vaginosis.","volume":"29","author":"Onderdonk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2016.43.4.185","article-title":"Chronic endometritis and infertility.","volume":"43","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059062","article-title":"Microorganisms within human follicular fluid: effects on IVF.","volume":"8","author":"Pelzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143405","article-title":"Bacterial Colonization of the Female Upper Genital Tract.","volume":"20","author":"Peric","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.22074\/ijfs.2020.5779","article-title":"Chronic endometritis: old problem. novel insights and future challenges.","volume":"13","author":"Puente","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"69","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of unexplained infertility.","volume":"1","author":"Quaas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00350","article-title":"Structural variations of vaginal and endometrial microbiota: hints on female infertility.","volume":"10","author":"Riganelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030295","article-title":"The Association between Vaginal Dysbiosis and Reproductive Outcomes in Sub-Fertile Women Undergoing IVF-Treatment: A Systematic PRISMA Review and Meta-Analysis.","volume":"10","author":"Skafte-Holm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2010.00743.x","article-title":"Response of Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm to 5 days of moxifloxacin treatment.","volume":"61","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012","article-title":"Fertility and infertility: definition and epidemiology.","volume":"62","author":"Vander Borght","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1602","article-title":"Characterisation of the human uterine microbiome in non-pregnant women through deep sequencing of the V1-2 region of the 16S rRNA gene.","volume":"4","author":"Verstraelen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aah6650","article-title":"Chemokine interactome mapping enables tailored intervention in acute and chronic inflammation.","volume":"9","author":"von Hundelshausen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46173-0","article-title":"Does the endometrial cavity have a molecular microbial signature?","volume":"9","author":"Winters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13255","article-title":"Chronic endometritis and reproductive failure: role of syndecan-1.","volume":"84","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.693267\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T01:12:44Z","timestamp":1628817164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.693267\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2021.693267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.693267","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"article-number":"693267"}}