{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:19:09Z","timestamp":1790799549538,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["016.116.017 VENI fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["016.116.017 VENI fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002996","name":"Hartstichting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001674","name":"Fondation Leducq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The protein 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase\/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3) is a key stimulator of glycolytic flux. Systemic, partial PFKFB3 inhibition previously decreased total plaque burden and increased plaque stability. However, it is unclear which cell type conferred these positive effects. Myeloid cells play an important role in atherogenesis, and mainly rely on glycolysis for energy supply. Thus, we studied whether myeloid inhibition of PFKFB3-mediated glycolysis in <jats:italic>Ldlr<jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>LysMCre<jats:sup>+\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>Pfkfb3<jats:sup><jats:italic>fl\/fl<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Pfkfb3<jats:sup><jats:italic>fl\/fl<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>) mice confers beneficial effects on plaque stability and alleviates cardiovascular disease burden compared to <jats:italic>Ldlr<jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>LysMCre<jats:sup>+\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>Pfkfb3<jats:sup><jats:italic>wt\/wt<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> control mice (<jats:italic>Pfkfb3<jats:sup><jats:italic>wt\/wt<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analysis of atherosclerotic human and murine single-cell populations confirmed <jats:italic>PFKFB3\/Pfkfb3<\/jats:italic> expression in myeloid cells, but also in lymphocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. <jats:italic>Pfkfb3<jats:sup><jats:italic>wt\/wt<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pfkfb3<jats:sup><jats:italic>fl\/fl<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> mice were fed a 0.25% cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. <jats:italic>Pfkfb3<jats:sup><jats:italic>fl\/fl<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) showed 50% knockdown of <jats:italic>Pfkfb3<\/jats:italic> mRNA. As expected based on partial glycolysis inhibition, extracellular acidification rate as a measure of glycolysis was partially reduced in <jats:italic>Pfkfb3<jats:sup><jats:italic>fl\/fl<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> compared to <jats:italic>Pfkfb3<jats:sup><jats:italic>wt\/wt<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> BMDMs. Unexpectedly, plaque and necrotic core size, as well as macrophage (MAC3), neutrophil (Ly6G) and collagen (Sirius Red) content were unchanged in advanced <jats:italic>Pfkfb3<jats:sup><jats:italic>fl\/fl<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> lesions. Similarly, early lesion plaque and necrotic core size and total plaque burden were unaffected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Partial myeloid knockdown of PFKFB3 did not affect atherosclerosis development in advanced or early lesions. Previously reported positive effects of systemic, partial PFKFB3 inhibition on lesion stabilization, do not seem conferred by monocytes, macrophages or neutrophils. Instead, other <jats:italic>Pfkfb3<\/jats:italic>-expressing cells in atherosclerosis might be responsible, such as DCs, smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.695684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T07:23:20Z","timestamp":1628753000000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Partial Inhibition of the 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase\/Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3) Enzyme in Myeloid Cells Does Not Affect Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ren\u00e9e J. H. 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