{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T11:15:04Z","timestamp":1781349304829,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parasitic infection can induce pathological injuries and impact the gut microbiota diversity and composition of the host. <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic> is a nonpathogenic and noninvasive probiotic bacterium for humans and other animals, playing an important role in improving the host immune system\u2019s ability to respond to intestinal and liver diseases and modulating gut microbiota. However, whether <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> can impact biological functions in <jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic>\u2013infected mice is unclear. This study used oral administration (OA) of <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> to treat mice infected with <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>. We evaluated changes in the gut microbiota of infected mice using 16\u00a0S rRNA gene sequencing and differentially expressed gene profiles using transcriptome sequencing after OA <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>. We found that OA <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> significantly attenuated hepatic and intestinal pathological injuries in infected mice. The gut microbiota of mice were significantly altered after <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> infection, while OA <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> remodel the diversity and composition of gut microbiomes of infected mice. We found that the <jats:italic>S. japonicum\u2013<\/jats:italic>infected mice with OA <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> had an overabundance of the most prevalent bacterial genera, including <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lachnoclostridium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ruminiclostridium<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Enterobacter.<\/jats:italic> Transcriptomic analysis of intestinal tissues revealed that OA <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> shaped the intestinal microenvironment of the host responding to <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> infection. Differentially expressed genes were classified into KEGG pathways between <jats:italic>S. japonicum\u2013<\/jats:italic>infected mice and those without included cell adhesion molecules, intestinal immune network for IgA production, hematopoietic cell lineage, Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, Th17 cell differentiation, calcium signaling pathway, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, chemokine signaling pathway, phospholipase D signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, B cell receptor signaling pathway, pancreatic secretion, and phagosome. In conclusion, our findings showed that OA <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> alleviates pathological injuries and regulates gene expression, implying that <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> supplementation may be a potential therapeutic strategy for schistosomiasis. Our study may highlight the value of probiotics as a beneficial supplementary therapy during human schistosomiasis, but further studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.766205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T05:35:00Z","timestamp":1637040900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Bacillus subtilis Attenuates Hepatic and Intestinal Injuries and Modulates Gut Microbiota and Gene Expression Profiles in Mice Infected with Schistosoma japonicum"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Datao","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyue","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yishu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuling","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suoyu","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090767","article-title":"Does Curcumin Have a Role in the Interaction between Gut Microbiota and Schistosoma Mansoni in Mice?","volume":"9","author":"Anter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313170","article-title":"Fungal Dysbiosis in Cirrhosis","volume":"67","author":"Bajaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)33008-3","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","volume":"392","author":"Barnett","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis524","article-title":"Integrated Analysis of Innate, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Regulatory Cytokines Identifies Changes in Immune Polarisation Following Treatment of Human Schistosomiasis","volume":"208","author":"Bourke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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