{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:21:39Z","timestamp":1791195699040,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81673673 31201893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81673673 31201893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> This study aimed to analyze the changes in intestinal flora and metabolites in the intestinal contents of mice with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to preliminarily clarify the mechanism of action of <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> soluble egg antigen (SEA) on IBD, thus, laying a research foundation for the subsequent treatment of IBD.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A total of 40 Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided into four groups: control, SEA 50\u00a0\u03bcg, dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS), and SEA 50\u00a0\u03bcg + DSS. The overall state of the animals was observed continuously during modeling. The colonic length was measured after 10\u00a0days of modeling. The degree of colonic inflammation was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. 16srRNA and liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry sequencing techniques were used to determine the abundance of bacteria and metabolites in the intestinal contents of mice in the DSS and SEA 50\u00a0\u03bcg + DSS groups, and the differences were further analyzed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> After SEA intervention, the disease activity index score of mice with IBD decreased and the colon shortening was reduced. Microscopically, the lymphocyte aggregation, glandular atrophy, goblet cell disappearance, and colonic inflammation were less in the SEA 50\u00a0\u03bcg + DSS group than in the DSS group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001). After SEA intervention, the abundance of beneficial bacteria <jats:italic>prevotellaceae_UCG-001<\/jats:italic> was upregulated, while the abundance of the harmful bacteria <jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lachnoclostridium<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> was downregulated in the intestinal tract of mice with IBD. The intestinal metabolite analysis showed that SEA intervention decreased the intestinal contents of glycerophospholipids (lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phatidylcholine, and phatidylethanolamine) and carboxylic acids (L-alloisoleucine and L-glutamate), whereas increased bile acids and their derivatives (3B,7A,12a-trihydroxy-5A-cholanoic acid and 3A,4B, 12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholanoic acid). Combined microbiota\u2013metabolite analysis revealed a correlation between these differential microbiota and differential metabolites. At the same time, the changes in the contents of metabolites and differential metabolites in the two groups also correlated with the abundance of the gut microbiome.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> The study showed that SEA reduced DSS-induced inflammation in IBD and improved the symptoms of IBD in mice through the combined regulation of intestinal flora and intestinal metabolism. It suggested a potential possibility for the use of SEA in treating and regulating intestinal flora and metabolism in patients with IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.777218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T05:25:29Z","timestamp":1636435529000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Analysis of Intestinal Microflora and Metabolites From Mice With DSS-Induced IBD Treated With Schistosoma Soluble Egg Antigen"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingkai","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongliang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunrong","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.111","article-title":"The hygiene Hypothesis in Autoimmunity: the Role of Pathogens and Commensals","volume":"18","author":"Bach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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