{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T20:31:29Z","timestamp":1793910689715,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81902203 81972107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81902203 81972107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) is a disease characterized by the collapse of the femoral head. SONFH occurs due to the overuse of glucocorticoids (GCs) in patients with immune-related diseases. Among various pathogenesis proposed, the mechanism related to impaired blood vessels is gradually becoming the most convincing hypothesis. Bone endothelial cells including bone microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a crucial role in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Therefore, bone endothelial cells are key regulators in the occurrence and progression of SONFH. Impaired angiogenesis, abnormal apoptosis, thrombosis and fat embolism caused by the dysfunctions of bone endothelial cells are considered to be the pathogenesis of SONFH. In addition, even with high disability rates, SONFH lacks effective therapeutic approach. Icariin (ICA, a flavonoid extracted from Epimedii Herba), pravastatin, and VO-OHpic (a potent inhibitor of PTEN) are candidate reagents to prevent and treat SONFH through improving above pathological processes. However, these reagents are still in the preclinical stage and will not be widely used temporarily. In this case, bone tissue engineering represented by co-transplantation of bone endothelial cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) may be another feasible therapeutic strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.777697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T19:55:39Z","timestamp":1638388539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: Novel Insight Into the Roles of Bone Endothelial Cells in Pathogenesis and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeqin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiguo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02871","article-title":"The Functions of Animal microRNAs","volume":"431","author":"Ambros","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.06.008","article-title":"Novel Biodegradable Polymers for Local Growth Factor Delivery","volume":"97","author":"Amsden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmaceutics Biopharmaceutics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.745","article-title":"Concise Review: Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Vascular Medicine","volume":"29","author":"Asahara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/835934","article-title":"Are Endothelial Progenitor Cells the Real Solution for Cardiovascular Diseases? Focus on Controversies and Perspectives","volume":"2015","author":"Balistreri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/s0741-5214(00)70080-2","article-title":"Isolation of Endothelial Cells and Their Progenitor Cells from Human Peripheral Blood","volume":"31","author":"Boyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.050917","article-title":"Vascular Biology and the Skeleton","volume":"21","author":"Brandi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.2mr0220-549r","article-title":"ICAM\u20101: A Master Regulator of Cellular Responses in Inflammation, Injury Resolution, and Tumorigenesis","volume":"108","author":"Bui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00276","article-title":"Glucocorticoid Impaired the Wound Healing Ability of Endothelial Progenitor Cells by Reducing the Expression of CXCR4 in the PGE2 Pathway","volume":"5","author":"Carolina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2012.02.015","article-title":"Impairment of Two Types of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients with Glucocorticoid-Induced Avascular Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16813","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16813","article-title":"Crosstalk between SDF-1\/CXCR4 and SDF-1\/CXCR7 in Cardiac Stem Cell Migration","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108746","article-title":"Polydatin Promotes the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Activating the BMP2-Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathway","volume":"112","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.117.310619","article-title":"Elevating CXCR7 Improves Angiogenic Function of EPCs via Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2\/Fyn-Mediated Nrf2 Activation in Diabetic Limb Ischemia","volume":"120","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2015.17","article-title":"Thirty Years of BCL-2: Translating Cell Death Discoveries into Novel Cancer Therapies","volume":"16","author":"Delbridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3916","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14269","article-title":"SDF\u20101\/CXCR4 Signalling Is Involved in Blood Vessel Growth and Remodelling by Intussusception","volume":"23","author":"Dimova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cel Mol Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2014.0550","article-title":"The Role of Chemokines in Fibrotic Wound Healing","volume":"4","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-019-1279-6","article-title":"Impairment of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) in Patients with Glucocorticoid-Induced Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head and Changes of EPCs after Glucocorticoid Treatment In Vitro","volume":"14","author":"Ding","year":"","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11179","article-title":"OGR1 Mediates the Inhibitory Effects of Acidic Environment on Proliferation and Angiogenesis of Endothelial Progenitor Cells","volume":"43","author":"Ding","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2005.05.013","article-title":"A New Source of Endothelial Progenitor Cells - Vascular Biology Redefined?","volume":"23","author":"Doyle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1270984","article-title":"H\u00fcftkopfnekrose - Diagnostik und Differenzialtherapie","volume":"149","author":"Drescher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Z. Orthop. Unfall"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.33","article-title":"Life and Death Partners: Apoptosis, Autophagy and the Cross-Talk between Them","volume":"16","author":"Eisenberg-Lerner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2010.23","article-title":"Protective Effects of Prostaglandin E1 on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Injury Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"31","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.09.001","article-title":"Decreased in the Number and Function of Circulation Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients with Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head","volume":"46","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2005.12.037","article-title":"Direct Comparison of Umbilical Cord Blood versus Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Precursor Cells in Mediating Neovascularization in Response to Vascular Ischemia","volume":"12","author":"Finney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20091","article-title":"Glucocorticoid Induces Micro-fat Embolism in the Rabbit: a Scanning Electron Microscopic Study","volume":"24","author":"Fukui","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v11.i10.748","article-title":"Enhancing Survival, Engraftment, and Osteogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"11","author":"Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wjsc"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22783","article-title":"PAI-1 in Tissue Fibrosis","volume":"227","author":"Ghosh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cel. Physiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29776","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603783200","article-title":"Enhancing Macroautophagy Protects against Ischemia\/reperfusion Injury in Cardiac Myocytes","volume":"281","author":"Hamacher-Brady","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.81b2.881810.1302\/0301-620x.81b2.0810349","article-title":"Decrease in the Mesenchymal Stem-Cell Pool in the Proximal Femur in Corticosteroid-Induced Osteonecrosis","author":"Hernigou","year":"1999","journal-title":"The J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br. volume"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199709000-00027","article-title":"Histopathologic Alterations of Retinacular Vessels and Osteonecrosis","volume":"342","author":"Hirano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Orthopaedics Relat. Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.107.155960","article-title":"Assessing Identity, Phenotype, and Fate of Endothelial Progenitor Cells","volume":"28","author":"Hirschi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atvb"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-019-01229-9","article-title":"Roles of eNOS in Atherosclerosis Treatment","volume":"68","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2016.05.002","article-title":"Endothelin-1","volume":"77","author":"Houde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2015.08.017","article-title":"Decreased Osteogenic Activity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Patients with Corticosteroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head","volume":"31","author":"Houdek","year":"2016","journal-title":"The J. Arthroplasty"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-04-1396","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Hierarchy of Endothelial Progenitor Cells Using Human Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood","volume":"104","author":"Ingram","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2014.917657","article-title":"Alginate Drug Delivery Systems: Application in Context of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research","volume":"40","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Development Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-017-0828-z","article-title":"A Contact-Based Method for Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into an Endothelial Cell-Phenotype","volume":"76","author":"Joddar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-3220-3","article-title":"Treatment of Femoral Head Osteonecrosis in the United States: 16-year Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample","volume":"472","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/10623320600904211","article-title":"Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head: Vascular Hypotheses","volume":"13","author":"Kerachian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endothelium"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2009.02.007","article-title":"Glucocorticoids in Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: a New Understanding of the Mechanisms of Action","volume":"114","author":"Kerachian","year":"","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.070","article-title":"Human Peripheral Blood-Derived CD31+Cells Have Robust Angiogenic and Vasculogenic Properties and Are Effective for Treating Ischemic Vascular Disease","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEC.2009.0492","article-title":"Enrichment of Outgrowth Endothelial Cells in High and Low colony-forming Cultures from Peripheral Blood Progenitors","volume":"16","author":"Kolbe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. C: Methods"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.38713","article-title":"Silencing MicroRNA-137-3p, Which Targets RUNX2 and CXCL12 Prevents Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head by Facilitating Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36737","article-title":"Dual Delivery of Encapsulated BM\u2010MSCs and BMP\u20102 Improves Osteogenic Differentiation and New Bone Formation","volume":"107","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-02771-1_5","article-title":"Targeting PTEN in Colorectal Cancers","volume":"1110","author":"Kotelevets","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2843","article-title":"The Widespread Regulation of microRNA Biogenesis, Function and Decay","volume":"11","author":"Krol","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13145","article-title":"Coupling of Angiogenesis and Osteogenesis by a Specific Vessel Subtype in Bone","volume":"507","author":"Kusumbe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/125094","article-title":"MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers in Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"2015","author":"Lan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.10.003","article-title":"Prevalence of Glucocorticoid Induced Osteonecrosis in the Mouse Is Not Affected by Treatments that Maintain Bone Vascularity","volume":"9","author":"Lane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12865","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1408472111","article-title":"Endothelial Akt1 Mediates Angiogenesis by Phosphorylating Multiple Angiogenic Substrates","volume":"111","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12586","article-title":"MicroRNA-132\/212 Family Enhances Arteriogenesis after Hindlimb Ischaemia through Modulation of the Ras-MAPK Pathway","volume":"19","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cel. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.03.008","article-title":"Discovery and Validation an Eight-Biomarker Serum Gene Signature for the Diagnosis of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-018-0898-9","article-title":"Regulation of PTEN Expression by Noncoding RNAs","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1649-7","article-title":"Steroid Effects on Osteogenesis through Mesenchymal Cell Gene Expression","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"303","article-title":"The Experimental Study on Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Ischemic Necrosis of Femoral Head by Gu Fu Sheng Capsule","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Tradit Chin. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-017-0656-2","article-title":"Cortisol Inhibits mTOR Signaling in Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00307","article-title":"Pravastatin Protects against Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head via Autophagy","volume":"9","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/112602","article-title":"Effect of Glucocorticoids on the Function of Microvascular Endothelial Cells in the Human Femoral Head Bone","volume":"29","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2015.02.018","article-title":"Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Do They Live up to Their Name?","author":"Madonna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12883","article-title":"CircCDR1as Suppresses Bone Microvascular Endothelial Cell Activity and Angiogenesis through Targeting miR \u2010135b\/FIH \u20101 Axis","volume":"13","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470151808.sc02c01s6","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Human Blood","volume":"6","author":"Mead","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Stem Cel Biol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.10.028","article-title":"Controlled Release of Fibrin Matrix-Conjugated Platelet Derived Growth Factor Improves Ischemic Tissue Regeneration by Functional Angiogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Mittermayr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20191","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor-\u03923 Promotes Mesenchymal Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis Mediated by the Enhancement Ofcyclin D1,Flk-1, andCD31 Gene Expression during CL\/Fr Mouse Lip Fusion","volume":"73","author":"Muraoka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Birth Defect Res. A."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-007-1129-y","article-title":"Osteonecrosis in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Effect of Glucocorticoid","volume":"12","author":"Murata","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Orthopaedic Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-019-01845-2","article-title":"Anti-oxidative Effects of Superoxide Dismutase 3 on Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"98","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199701000-00006","article-title":"Histopathologic Study of Veins in Steroid Treated Rabbits","volume":"334","author":"Nishimura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Orthopaedics Relat. Res."},{"key":"B66","first-page":"5542","article-title":"Apoptotic Cytosol Facilitates Bax Translocation to Mitochondria that Involves Cytosolic Factor Regulated by Bcl-2","volume":"59","author":"Nomura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2008.12.018","article-title":"Vascular wall Resident Progenitor Cells","volume":"315","author":"Pacilli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Cel Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2016-0066","article-title":"Concise Review: Functional Definition of Endothelial Progenitor Cells: A Molecular Perspective","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Transl Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.34126","article-title":"Type H Blood Vessels in Bone Modeling and Remodeling","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEB.2017.0127","article-title":"Endothelial Progenitor Cells for the Vascularization of Engineered Tissues","volume":"24","author":"Peters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. B: Rev."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193508000-00013","article-title":"BONE GROWTH AND REPAIR","volume":"102","author":"Phemister","year":"1935","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400476","article-title":"Emerging Roles of Caspase-3 in Apoptosis","volume":"6","author":"Porter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cel Death Differ"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2016.03.008","article-title":"Physical Activity and Progenitor Cell-Mediated Endothelial Repair in Chronic Heart Failure: Is There a Role for Epigenetics?","volume":"159","author":"Recchioni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Development"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000058702.69484.a0","article-title":"Peripheral Blood \"endothelial Progenitor Cells\" Are Derived from Monocyte\/macrophages and Secrete Angiogenic Growth Factors","volume":"107","author":"Rehman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6716","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-09-181362","article-title":"Humanized Large-Scale Expanded Endothelial colony-forming Cells Function In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"113","author":"Reinisch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0477-9","article-title":"Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1\u03b1 in Angiogenic-Osteogenic Coupling","volume":"87","author":"Riddle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23341","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic Study of Oral Prednisolone Compared with Intravenous Methylprednisolone in Patients with Juvenile Dermatomyositis","volume":"59","author":"Rouster-Stevens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199204000-00012","article-title":"Early Arteriopathy and Postulated Pathogenesis of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head","author":"Saito","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Orthopaedics Relat. Res."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-018-0459-3","article-title":"Recent Advances and Future of Gene Therapy for Bone Regeneration","volume":"16","author":"Shapiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.10.042","article-title":"Angiotensin II Limits NO Production by Upregulating Arginase through a P38 MAPK-ATF-2 Pathway","volume":"746","author":"Shatanawi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2010.02.077","article-title":"Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation for Ischemic Femoral Head Necrosis","volume":"42","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679508994629","article-title":"Microvascular Obstruction in Avascular Necrosis Immunohistochemistry of 14 Femoral Heads","volume":"66","author":"Starklint","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Orthopaedica Scand."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2809-z","article-title":"Icariin May Benefit the Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Patients with Steroid-Associated Osteonecrosis by ABCB1-Promoter Demethylation: a Preliminary Study","volume":"26","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6427","article-title":"The Neuroprotective Activities of Natural Products through the Nrf2 Upregulation","volume":"33","author":"Tavakkoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytotherapy Res."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2003.08.007","article-title":"Death Receptor-Induced Cell Killing","volume":"16","author":"Thorburn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-05-500496","article-title":"CXCR7 Participates in CXCL12-Induced CD34+ Cell Cycling through \u03b2-arrestin-dependent Akt Activation","volume":"123","author":"Torossian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.07.076","article-title":"Biomedical Applications of Carboxymethyl Chitosans","volume":"91","author":"Upadhyaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2012.677875","article-title":"CD31 and Factor VIII in Angiogenesis of normal and Pre-eclamptic Human Placentas","volume":"32","author":"Uras","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/713774024","article-title":"Microvascular Endothelial Cell Death and Rarefaction in the Glucocorticoid-Induced Hypertensive Rat","volume":"8","author":"Vogt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Umic"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37503","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037503","article-title":"HGF-transgenic MSCs Can Improve the Effects of Tissue Self-Repair in a Rabbit Model of Traumatic Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head","volume":"7","author":"Wen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/s0895-3988(08)60060-4","article-title":"A Rabbit Model of Hormone-Induced Early Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head","volume":"21","author":"Wen","year":"","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2008.110","article-title":"Treatment of Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head by Hepatocyte Growth Factor-Transgenic Bone Marrow Stromal Stem Cells","volume":"15","author":"Wen","year":"","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00402.x","article-title":"Clinical and Therapeutical Implications of EPC Biology in Atherosclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Werner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cel Mol Med"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2005.01.016","article-title":"Differentiation and Proliferation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Canine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells1,2","volume":"126","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2019.04.011","article-title":"Emerging Epigenetic Regulation of Circular RNAs in Human Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. - Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.20-0346","article-title":"Cotransplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Treating Steroid\u2010induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Transl Med"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0020-z","article-title":"Targeting Skeletal Endothelium to Ameliorate Bone Loss","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B98","first-page":"1544","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Transfection to Enhance the Repair of Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head of Rabbit","volume":"116","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl)"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718779345","article-title":"Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Age-Related Vascular Remodeling","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cel Transpl."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01658-y","article-title":"PTEN Inhibitor VO-OHpic Attenuates GC-Associated Endothelial Progenitor Cell Dysfunction and Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head via Activating Nrf2 Signaling and Inhibiting Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cel Res Ther"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1159\/000129064","article-title":"Advanced Age Is Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction in Healthy Elderly Subjects","volume":"54","author":"Yavuz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0171-1","article-title":"Ethanol May Suppress Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling on Human Bone Marrow Stroma Cells","volume":"466","author":"Yeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03225-1","article-title":"Decreased Angiogenic and Increased Apoptotic Activities of Bone Microvascular Endothelial Cells in Patients with Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.09.047","article-title":"Improved Tissue-Engineered Bone Regeneration by Endothelial Cell Mediated Vascularization","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7320","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14589","article-title":"Icariin Promotes Angiogenesis in Glucocorticoid\u2010induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Heads: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cel Mol Med"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.01.057","article-title":"Effect of Glucocorticoids on miRNA Expression Spectrum of Rat Femoral Head Microcirculation Endothelial Cells","volume":"651","author":"Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.145128","article-title":"Preliminary Study of Icariin Indicating Prevention of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head by Regulating Abnormal Expression of miRNA-335 and Protecting the Functions of Bone Microvascular Endothelial Cells in Rats","volume":"766","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070405","article-title":"Epimedium-derived Phytoestrogen Flavonoids Exert Beneficial Effect on Preventing Bone Loss in Late Postmenopausal Women: a 24-month Randomized, Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2018.4531","article-title":"SDF1\/CXCR7 Signaling Axis Participates in Angiogenesis in Degenerated Discs via the PI3K\/AKT Pathway","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"DNA Cel Biol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12874","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12874","article-title":"Motivating Role of Type H Vessels in Bone Regeneration","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060517700299","article-title":"Role of Coagulopathy in Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2020.7807","article-title":"Role of RASA1 in Cancer: A Review and Update (Review)","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2019.12.004","article-title":"Guidelines for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in Adults (2019 Version)","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthopaedic Translation"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178781","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178781","article-title":"PTH[1-34] Improves the Effects of Core Decompression in Early-Stage Steroid-Associated Osteonecrosis Model by Enhancing Bone Repair and Revascularization","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e131384","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.131384","article-title":"Endothelial Cell-Glucocorticoid Receptor Interactions and Regulation of Wnt Signaling","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1577-2","article-title":"The First Multicenter and Randomized Clinical Trial of Herbal Fufang for Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.777697\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T19:55:44Z","timestamp":1638388544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.777697\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"references-count":116,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2021.777697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.777697","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"article-number":"777697"}}