{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T08:18:30Z","timestamp":1773130710291,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this Review article, we focus on delineating the expression and function of Peptidyl Arginine Delminases (PADIs) in the hair follicle stem cell lineage and in inflammatory alopecia. We outline our current understanding of cellular processes influenced by protein citrullination, the PADI mediated posttranslational enzymatic conversion of arginine to citrulline, by exploring citrullinomes from normal and inflamed tissues. Drawing from other stem cell lineages, we detail the potential function of PADIs and specific citrullinated protein residues in hair follicle stem cell activation, lineage specification and differentiation. We highlight PADI3 as a mediator of hair shaft differentiation and display why mutations in <jats:italic>PADI3<\/jats:italic> are linked to human alopecia. Furthermore, we propose mechanisms of PADI4 dependent fine-tuning of the hair follicle lineage progression. Finally, we discuss citrullination in the context of inflammatory alopecia. We present how infiltrating neutrophils establish a citrullination-driven self-perpetuating proinflammatory circuitry resulting in T-cell recruitment and activation contributing to hair follicle degeneration. In summary, we aim to provide a comprehensive perspective on how citrullination modulates hair follicle regeneration and contributes to inflammatory alopecia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.789676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T11:09:09Z","timestamp":1639393749000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Hairy Cituation \u2013 PADIs in Regeneration and Alopecia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kim","family":"Vikhe Patil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kylie Hin-Man","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Genander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.12.004","article-title":"Temporal Layering of Signaling Effectors Drives Chromatin Remodeling during Hair Follicle Stem Cell Lineage Progression","volume":"22","author":"Adam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell stem cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14289","article-title":"Pioneer Factors Govern Super-enhancer Dynamics in Stem Cell Plasticity and Lineage Choice","volume":"521","author":"Adam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59071-7","article-title":"Studies on Citrullinated LL-37: Detection in Human Airways, Antibacterial Effects and Biophysical Properties","volume":"10","author":"Al-Adwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09074.x","article-title":"Expression of Hair Follicle Stem Cells Detected by Cytokeratin 15 Stain: Implications for Pathogenesis of the Scarring Process in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"160","author":"Al-Refu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxz039","article-title":"Pathomechanisms of Immune-Mediated Alopecia","volume":"31","author":"Anzai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb799","article-title":"Structural Basis for Ca2+-Induced Activation of Human PAD4","volume":"11","author":"Arita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.70.1.46","article-title":"Immunocytochemical Localization of Peptidylarginine Deiminase in Human Eosinophils and Neutrophils","volume":"70","author":"Asaga","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2017.08.021","article-title":"CSNK1a1 Regulates PRMT1 to Maintain the Progenitor State in Self-Renewing Somatic Tissue","volume":"43","author":"Bao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Cel."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14155","article-title":"Hair Follicle Immune Privilege and its Collapse in Alopecia Areata","volume":"29","author":"Bertolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08312.x","article-title":"The R620W Polymorphism in PTPN22 Confers General Susceptibility for the Development of Alopecia Areata","volume":"158","author":"Betz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6882","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.20.18.6882-6890.2000","article-title":"\u03b2-Catenin-Histone Deacetylase Interactions Regulate the Transition of LEF1 from a Transcriptional Repressor to an Activator","volume":"20","author":"Billin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cel Biol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.06.019","article-title":"DNA Methylation Dynamics during In Vivo Differentiation of Blood and Skin Stem Cells","volume":"47","author":"Bock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cel"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0261-x","article-title":"To NET or Not to NET:current Opinions and State of the Science Regarding the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","volume":"26","author":"Boeltz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.09.058","article-title":"Primary Cicatricial Alopecia","volume":"75","author":"Bolduc","year":"","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.01.056","article-title":"Primary Cicatricial Alopecia","volume":"75","author":"Bolduc","year":"","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Kill Bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228746","article-title":"Deimination, Intermediate Filaments and Associated Proteins","volume":"21","author":"Briot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00085","article-title":"Citrullination Alters the Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Activities of the Human Cathelicidin LL-37 during Rhinovirus Infection","volume":"11","author":"Casanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-844530","article-title":"Neutrophils and NETs in Modulating Acute and Chronic Inflammation","volume":"133","author":"Castanheira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13684","article-title":"Peptidylarginine Deiminases and Deiminated Proteins at the Epidermal Barrier","volume":"27","author":"Cau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/dad.0b013e318185a66e","article-title":"Investigation of the Inflammatory Mechanisms in Alopecia Areata","volume":"31","author":"Cetin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39215","article-title":"The W620 Polymorphism in PTPN22 Disrupts its Interaction with Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type 4 and Enhances Citrullination and NETosis","volume":"67","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00423","article-title":"Caught in a Trap? Proteomic Analysis of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"10","author":"Chapman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022760118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022760118","article-title":"Dnmt3a Deficiency in the Skin Causes Focal, Canonical DNA Hypomethylation and a Cellular Proliferation Phenotype","volume":"118","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02376","article-title":"Neutrophils in Psoriasis","volume":"10","author":"Chiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03464.x","article-title":"The Human Hair Follicle Immune System: Cellular Composition and Immune Privilege","volume":"142","author":"Christoph","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12942","article-title":"Citrullination Regulates Pluripotency and Histone H1 Binding to Chromatin","volume":"507","author":"Christophorou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.08.020","article-title":"Histone Deimination Antagonizes Arginine Methylation","volume":"118","author":"Cuthbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2011.151712","article-title":"Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2, 3 and 4 Have Distinct Specificities against Cellular Substrates: Novel Insights into Autoantigen Selection in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"71","author":"Darrah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.00285-09","article-title":"Functional Connection between Deimination and Deacetylation of Histones","volume":"29","author":"Denis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cel Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8285","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku522","article-title":"Citrullination of DNMT3A by PADI4 Regulates its Stability and Controls DNA Methylation","volume":"42","author":"Deplus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy215","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Sustain Inflammatory Signals in Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"13","author":"Dinallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.03.108","article-title":"PAD2-Mediated Citrullination Contributes to Efficient Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination","volume":"27","author":"Falc\u00e3o","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cel Rep."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12834","article-title":"Insights into the Study and Origin of the Citrullinome in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"294","author":"Fert-Bober","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73ra20","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001201","article-title":"Netting Neutrophils Are Major Inducers of Type I IFN Production in Pediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"3","author":"Garcia-Romo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Transl Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2014.09.009","article-title":"BMP Signaling and its pSMAD1\/5 Target Genes Differentially Regulate Hair Follicle Stem Cell Lineages","volume":"15","author":"Genander","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1501257","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501257","article-title":"Citrullination-acetylation Interplay Guides E2F-1 Activity during the Inflammatory Response","volume":"2","author":"Ghari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra1103442","article-title":"Alopecia Areata","volume":"366","author":"Gilhar","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1172\/jci31942","article-title":"Lymphocytes, Neuropeptides, and Genes Involved in Alopecia Areata","volume":"117","author":"Gilhar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2008.12.009","article-title":"A Two-step Mechanism for Stem Cell Activation during Hair Regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Greco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004613","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004613","article-title":"Targeted H3R26 Deimination Specifically Facilitates Estrogen Receptor Binding by Modifying Nucleosome Structure","volume":"10","author":"Guertin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plos Genet."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17069","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m111.230961","article-title":"Citrullination of Inhibitor of Growth 4 (ING4) by Peptidylarginine Deminase 4 (PAD4) Disrupts the Interaction between ING4 and P53","volume":"286","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5827","DOI":"10.1021\/bi047505c","article-title":"Deimination of Histone H2A and H4 at Arginine 3 in HL-60 Granulocytes","volume":"44","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9813","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909927107","article-title":"Impairment of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Degradation Is Associated with Lupus Nephritis","volume":"107","author":"Hakkim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12978","article-title":"Imbalance of T-Helper 17 and Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Alopecia Areata","volume":"42","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03692.x","article-title":"Does Collapse of Immune Privilege in the Hair-Follicle Bulge Play a Role in the Pathogenesis of Primary Cicatricial Alopecia","volume":"35","author":"Harries","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.100454","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Primary Cicatricial Alopecias","volume":"177","author":"Harries","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22043","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022043","article-title":"PAD4-mediated Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation Is Not Required for Immunity against Influenza Infection","volume":"6","author":"Hemmers","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.06.035","article-title":"Methylation of the Guanidino Group of Arginine Residues Prevents Citrullination by Peptidylarginine Deiminase IV","volume":"579","author":"Hidaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.11.002","article-title":"Reciprocal Role of Vitamin D Receptor on \u03b2-catenin Regulated Keratinocyte Proliferation and Differentiation","volume":"144","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.283","article-title":"Disrupted Ectodermal Organ Morphogenesis in Mice with a Conditional Histone Deacetylase 1, 2 Deletion in the Epidermis","volume":"134","author":"Hughes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00936.x","article-title":"Decreased Deiminated Keratin K1 in Psoriatic Hyperproliferative Epidermis","volume":"114","author":"Ishida-Yamamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)63151-3","article-title":"Collapse and Restoration of MHC Class-I-dependent Immune Privilege","volume":"164","author":"Ito","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1992.tb00121.x","article-title":"Characterization of Inflammatory Infiltrates in Male Pattern Alopecia: Implications for Pathogenesis","volume":"127","author":"Jaworsky","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.01.012","article-title":"The Molecular Anatomy of Mouse Skin during Hair Growth and Rest","volume":"26","author":"Joost","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213x-12-19","article-title":"Potential Role for PADI-Mediated Histone Citrullination in Preimplantation Development","volume":"12","author":"Kan","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1115203","article-title":"GATA-3: an Unexpected Regulator of Cell Lineage Determination in Skin","volume":"17","author":"Kaufman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26430","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26430","article-title":"Abrogation of Collagen-Induced Arthritis by a Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase Inhibitor Is Associated with Modulation of T Cell-Mediated Immune Responses","volume":"6","author":"Kawalkowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2006.04.006","article-title":"The Non-synonymous C1858T Substitution in the PTPN22 Gene Is Associated with Susceptibility to the Severe Forms of Alopecia Areata","volume":"67","author":"Kemp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24437","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.24437","article-title":"Diverse Stimuli Engage Different Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Pathways","volume":"6","author":"Kenny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1959","article-title":"Netting Neutrophils in Autoimmune Small-Vessel Vasculitis","volume":"15","author":"Kessenbrock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178ra40","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005580","article-title":"NETs Are a Source of Citrullinated Autoantigens and Stimulate Inflammatory Responses in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"5","author":"Khandpur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2010-0500oc","article-title":"Peptidylarginine Deiminases Present in the Airways during Tobacco Smoking and Inflammation Can Citrullinate the Host Defense Peptide LL-37, Resulting in Altered Activities","volume":"46","author":"Kilsg\u00e5rd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cel Mol Biol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5004","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m709357200","article-title":"Specific Citrullination Causes Assembly of a Globular S100A3 Homotetramer","volume":"283","author":"Kizawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020559","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease","volume":"22","author":"Klopf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1172\/jci67390","article-title":"Peptidylarginine Deiminase Inhibition Is Immunomodulatory and Vasculoprotective in Murine Lupus","volume":"123","author":"Knight","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4852","DOI":"10.1021\/bi100363t","article-title":"Substrate Specificity and Kinetic Studies of PADs 1, 3, and 4 Identify Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Protein Arginine Deiminase 3","volume":"49","author":"Knuckley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3399","article-title":"Neutrophil Recruitment and Function in Health and Inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Kolaczkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4995","article-title":"PADI4 Acts as a Coactivator of Tal1 by Counteracting Repressive Histone Arginine Methylation","volume":"5","author":"Kolodziej","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00461","article-title":"A Critical Reappraisal of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and NETosis Mimics Based on Differential Requirements for Protein Citrullination","volume":"7","author":"Konig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1896-9","article-title":"Increased Peptidylarginine Deiminases Expression during the Macrophage Differentiation and Participated Inflammatory Responses","volume":"21","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73ra19","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001180","article-title":"Neutrophils Activate Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells by Releasing Self-DNA-Peptide Complexes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"3","author":"Lande","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Transl Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5621","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6621","article-title":"The Antimicrobial Peptide LL37 Is a T-Cell Autoantigen in Psoriasis","volume":"5","author":"Lande","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5851","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62480-3","article-title":"Native\/citrullinated LL37-specific T-Cells Help Autoantibody Production in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"10","author":"Lande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2010.10.015","article-title":"Hdac1 and Hdac2 Act Redundantly to Control P63 and P53 Functions in Epidermal Progenitor Cells","volume":"19","author":"LeBoeuf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Cel."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42662","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42662","article-title":"Molecular Interplay between the Dimer Interface and the Substrate-Binding Site of Human Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.ra118.000696","article-title":"Mining the Human Tissue Proteome for Protein Citrullination","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.09.012","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Autoimmune Diseases: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407159102","article-title":"Regulation of Coactivator Complex Assembly and Function by Protein Arginine Methylation and Demethylimination","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.5b00438","article-title":"Chemical Proteomic Platform to Identify Citrullinated Proteins","volume":"10","author":"Lewallen","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1735","article-title":"Inhibition of PAD4 Activity Is Sufficient to Disrupt Mouse and Human NET Formation","volume":"11","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100239","article-title":"PAD4 Is Essential for Antibacterial Innate Immunity Mediated by Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","volume":"207","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.07.015","article-title":"Genome-wide Maps of Histone Modifications Unwind In Vivo Chromatin States of the Hair Follicle Lineage","volume":"9","author":"Lien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell stem cell"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa065","article-title":"PRMT5-mediated Histone Arginine Methylation Antagonizes Transcriptional Repression by Polycomb Complex PRC2","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB Signaling in Inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct Target. Ther."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e124729","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.124729","article-title":"Peptidylarginine Deiminases 2 and 4 Modulate Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in TLR-7-dependent Lupus","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14775","article-title":"Role of T Helper 17 Cells and T Regulatory Cells in Alopecia Areata: Comparison of Lesion and Serum Cytokine between Controls and Patients","volume":"32","author":"Loh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-149039","article-title":"Citrullination of CXCL10 and CXCL11 by Peptidylarginine Deiminase: a Naturally Occurring Posttranslational Modification of Chemokines and New Dimension of Immunoregulation","volume":"112","author":"Loos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120225","article-title":"Immunology of Psoriasis","volume":"32","author":"Lowes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1816614","article-title":"Variant PADI3 in Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia","volume":"380","author":"Malki","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1086\/511442","article-title":"Genomewide Scan for Linkage Reveals Evidence of Several Susceptibility Loci for Alopecia Areata","volume":"80","author":"Martinez-Mir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2007.00377.x","article-title":"Update on Peptidylarginine Deiminases and Deimination in Skin Physiology and Severe Human Diseases","volume":"29","author":"M\u00e9chin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020566","article-title":"Deimination and Peptidylarginine Deiminases in Skin Physiology and Diseases","volume":"21","author":"M\u00e9chin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.891401","article-title":"Tcf3 and Lef1 Regulate Lineage Differentiation of Multipotent Stem Cells in Skin","volume":"15","author":"Merrill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.09.011","article-title":"Citrullination of TNF-\u03b1 by Peptidylarginine Deiminases Reduces its Capacity to Stimulate the Production of Inflammatory Chemokines","volume":"61","author":"Moelants","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13805","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.r117.800367","article-title":"Structure, Mechanism, and Regulation of Polycomb-Repressive Complex 2","volume":"293","author":"Moritz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202x.2005.23763.x","article-title":"Peptidylarginine Deiminase Isoforms Are Differentially Expressed in the Anagen Hair Follicles and Other Human Skin Appendages","volume":"125","author":"Nachat","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2862","article-title":"PAD4 Regulates Proliferation of Multipotent Haematopoietic Cells by Controlling C-Myc Expression","volume":"4","author":"Nakashima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.3.1895","article-title":"Histone Deimination as a Response to Inflammatory Stimuli in Neutrophils","volume":"180","author":"Neeli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.07.155","article-title":"IL-22 Downregulates Peptidylarginine Deiminase-1 in Human Keratinocytes: Adding Another Piece to the IL-22 Puzzle in Epidermal Barrier Formation","author":"Padhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1483","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001483","article-title":"The Vitamin D Receptor Is a Wnt Effector that Controls Hair Follicle Differentiation and Specifies Tumor Type in Adult Epidermis","volume":"3","author":"P\u00e1lmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.105","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Immunity and Disease","volume":"18","author":"Papayannopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1211601","article-title":"Requirements for NADPH Oxidase and Myeloperoxidase in Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation Differ Depending on the Stimulus","volume":"92","author":"Parker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199908123410706","article-title":"The Biology of Hair Follicles","volume":"341","author":"Paus","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.09.014","article-title":"A ?hairy? Privilege","volume":"26","author":"Paus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00243.x","article-title":"Generation and Cyclic Remodeling of the Hair Follicle Immune System in Mice","volume":"111","author":"Paus","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09114","article-title":"Genome-wide Association Study in Alopecia Areata Implicates Both Innate and Adaptive Immunity","volume":"466","author":"Petukhova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.03.002","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Role in the Development of Chronic Inflammation and Autoimmunity","volume":"14","author":"Pinegin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2007.00937.x","article-title":"Involvement of the Bulge Region in Primary Scarring Alopecia","volume":"35","author":"Pozdnyakova","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080305","article-title":"Citrullination of CXCL8 by Peptidylarginine Deiminase Alters Receptor Usage, Prevents Proteolysis, and Dampens Tissue Inflammation","volume":"205","author":"Proost","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2007.01.054","article-title":"Methylation of Arginine Residues Interferes with Citrullination by Peptidylarginine Deiminases In Vitro","volume":"367","author":"Raijmakers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09154.x","article-title":"Human Hair Follicle Epithelium Has an Antimicrobial Defence System that Includes the Inducible Antimicrobial Peptide Psoriasin (S100A7) and RNase 7","volume":"161","author":"Reithmayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21697","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.21697","article-title":"Loss of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b Does Not Affect Epidermal Homeostasis but Promotes Squamous Transformation through PPAR-\u03b3","volume":"6","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.06.020","article-title":"Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b Associate with Enhancers to Regulate Human Epidermal Stem Cell Homeostasis","volume":"19","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2795(77)90250-1","article-title":"The Origin of Citrulline-Containing Proteins in the Hair Follicle and the Chemical Nature of Trichohyalin, an Intracellular Precursor","volume":"495","author":"Rogers","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (Bba) - Protein Struct."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15589","article-title":"NET Formation - Mechanisms and How They Relate to Other Cell Death Pathways","volume":"288","author":"Rosazza","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202x.2004.23461.x","article-title":"Expression of CD200 on Epithelial Cells of the Murine Hair Follicle: a Role in Tissue-specific Immune Tolerance","volume":"123","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2005.11.003","article-title":"CD200, a \"no Danger\" Signal for Hair Follicles","volume":"41","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2016.06.018","article-title":"Monomeric Form of Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type I Revealed by X-ray Crystallography and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering","volume":"428","author":"Saijo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01323","article-title":"The Interleukin-23\/Interleukin-17 Axis Links Adaptive and Innate Immunity in Psoriasis","volume":"9","author":"Sch\u00f6n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)00188-4","article-title":"Cofactor Dynamics and Sufficiency in Estrogen Receptor-Regulated Transcription","volume":"103","author":"Shang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00746","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote Inflammatory Responses in Psoriasis via Activating Epidermal TLR4\/IL-36R Crosstalk","volume":"10","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002934","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002934","article-title":"Citrullination of Histone H3 Interferes with HP1-Mediated Transcriptional Repression","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plos Genet."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1021\/cb500933j","article-title":"Protein Arginine Deiminase 2 Binds Calcium in an Ordered Fashion: Implications for Inhibitor Design","volume":"10","author":"Slade","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11851","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308362110","article-title":"Dysregulation of PAD4-Mediated Citrullination of Nuclear GSK3 Activates TGF- Signaling and Induces Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"110","author":"Stadler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41409","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m302037200","article-title":"Trichohyalin Mechanically Strengthens the Hair Follicle","volume":"278","author":"Steinert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.1.666","article-title":"Citrullination of CXCL12 Differentially Reduces CXCR4 and CXCR7 Binding with Loss of Inflammatory and Anti-HIV-1 Activity via CXCR4","volume":"182","author":"Struyf","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e129687","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.129687","article-title":"Reciprocal Regulation of Th2 and Th17 Cells by PAD2-Mediated Citrullination","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI insight"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaal3062","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aal3062","article-title":"Citrullination of NF-\u039ab P65 Promotes its Nuclear Localization and TLR-Induced Expression of IL-1\u03b2 and TNF\u03b1","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1159\/000350933","article-title":"Alopecia Areata: Infiltration of Th17 Cells in the Dermis, Particularly Around Hair Follicles","volume":"226","author":"Tanemura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.01.031","article-title":"Citrullination of RGG Motifs in FET Proteins by PAD4 Regulates Protein Aggregation and ALS Susceptibility","volume":"22","author":"Tanikawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cel Rep."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27893","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.44.27893","article-title":"The Fate of Trichohyalin","volume":"272","author":"Tarcsa","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30709","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.48.30709","article-title":"Protein Unfolding by Peptidylarginine Deiminase","volume":"271","author":"Tarcsa","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7326","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909546117","article-title":"NETosis Proceeds by Cytoskeleton and Endomembrane Disassembly and PAD4-Mediated Chromatin Decondensation and Nuclear Envelope Rupture","volume":"117","author":"Thiam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103414","article-title":"T Lymphocyte Priming by Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Links Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses","volume":"188","author":"Tillack","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.I."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2018.03.002","article-title":"The Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Citrullinome","volume":"25","author":"Tilvawala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cel Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107602","article-title":"Histones, DNA, and Citrullination Promote Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Inflammation by Regulating the Localization and Activation of TLR4","volume":"31","author":"Tsourouktsoglou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cel Rep."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1021\/pr500030x","article-title":"Assessing the Citrullinome in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fluid with and without Enrichment of Citrullinated Peptides","volume":"13","author":"Tutturen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.10.004","article-title":"Mutations in Three Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Hair Shaft Formation Cause Uncombable Hair Syndrome","volume":"99","author":"\u00dc.\u00a0Basmanav","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12919","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12919","article-title":"Mechanisms and Disease Relevance of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation","volume":"48","author":"Van Avondt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37720","article-title":"The Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fluid Citrullinome Reveals Novel Citrullinated Epitopes in Apolipoprotein E, Myeloid Nuclear Differentiation Antigen, and \u03b2-actin","volume":"65","author":"van Beers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.10357","article-title":"PAD, a Growing Family of Citrullinating Enzymes: Genes, Features and Involvement in Disease","volume":"25","author":"Vossenaar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1101400","article-title":"Human PAD4 Regulates Histone Arginine Methylation Levels via Demethylimination","volume":"306","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200806072","article-title":"Histone Hypercitrullination Mediates Chromatin Decondensation and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation","volume":"184","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cel Biol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1101400","article-title":"Human PAD4 Regulates Histone Arginine Methylation Levels via Demethylimination","volume":"306","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.03.037","article-title":"Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Stratum Corneum Dysfunction in Adult Chronic Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"136","author":"Winget","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2013.243","article-title":"Divergent Roles of HDAC1 and HDAC2 in the Regulation of Epidermal Development and Tumorigenesis","volume":"32","author":"Winter","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450116666150202160954","article-title":"Protein Arginine Deiminases and Associated Citrullination: Physiological Functions and Diseases Associated with Dysregulation","volume":"16","author":"Witalison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cdt"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11002","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M600498200","article-title":"Identification of substrates of human protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22","volume":"281","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678953","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.678953","article-title":"Citrullination and PAD Enzyme Biology in Type 1 Diabetes - Regulators of Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Pathology","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.179","article-title":"An Intronic Enhancer Driven by NF-\u039ab Contributes to Transcriptional Regulation of Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type I Gene in Human Keratinocytes","volume":"130","author":"Ying","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.13.439513","article-title":"Peptidylarginine Deiminase IV (PADI4) Is Not Essential for Cell-Autonomous HSC Maintenance and normal Haematopoiesis","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.341925.120","article-title":"The Inactive Dnmt3b3 Isoform Preferentially Enhances Dnmt3b-Mediated DNA Methylation","volume":"34","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002112","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002112","article-title":"Genome-wide Analysis Reveals PADI4 Cooperates with Elk-1 to Activate C-Fos Expression in Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plos Genet."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38727","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38727","article-title":"Peptidylarginine Deiminase 1-catalyzed Histone Citrullination Is Essential for Early Embryo Development","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01200","article-title":"Spontaneous Secretion of the Citrullination Enzyme PAD2 and Cell Surface Exposure of PAD4 by Neutrophils","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.789676\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T11:09:13Z","timestamp":1639393753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.789676\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"references-count":156,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2021.789676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.789676","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"article-number":"789676"}}