{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:10:41Z","timestamp":1787026241363,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone-related diseases seriously affect the lives of patients and carry a heavy economic burden on society. Treatment methods cannot meet the diverse clinical needs of affected patients. Exosomes participate in the occurrence and development of many diseases through intercellular communication, including bone-related diseases. Studies have shown that exosomes can take-up and \u201cpackage\u201d non-coding RNAs and \u201cdeliver\u201d them to recipient cells, thereby regulating the function of recipient cells. The exosomal non-coding RNAs secreted by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and other cells are involved in the regulation of bone-related diseases by inhibiting osteoclasts, enhancing chondrocyte activity and promoting angiogenesis. Here, we summarize the role and therapeutic potential of exosomal non-coding RNAs in the bone-related diseases osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and bone-fracture healing, and discuss the clinical application of exosomes in patients with bone-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.811666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T13:30:50Z","timestamp":1640266250000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Role of Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs in Bone-Related Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiyue","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haihong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoye","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(03)00428-8","article-title":"MicroRNA Pathways in Flies and Worms","volume":"113","author":"Ambros","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6628","article-title":"MicroRNAs Are Novel Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"96","author":"Aslam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02945-5","article-title":"LncRNA MM2P-Induced, Exosome-Mediated Transfer of Sox9 from Monocyte-Derived Cells Modulates Primary Chondrocytes","volume":"11","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.07.030","article-title":"Using Exosomes, Naturally-Equipped Nanocarriers, for Drug Delivery","volume":"219","author":"Batrakova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7715","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.58410","article-title":"Exosomal lncRNA-H19 Promotes Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis through Mediating Angpt1\/Tie2-NO Signaling in CBS-Heterozygous Mice","volume":"11","author":"Behera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.11.012","article-title":"Osteoarthritis as an Inflammatory Disease (Osteoarthritis Is Not Osteoarthrosis!)","volume":"21","author":"Berenbaum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and Cartilage"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165919","article-title":"Prostate Cancer-Derived Exosomes Promote Osteoblast Differentiation and Activity through Phospholipase D2","volume":"1866","author":"Borel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (Bba) - Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20141675","article-title":"Transcellular Delivery of Vesicular SOCS Proteins from Macrophages to Epithelial Cells Blunts Inflammatory Signaling","volume":"212","author":"Bourdonnay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20193436","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from circRNA Rtn4-Modified BMSCs Attenuate TNF-\u03b1-Induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in Murine MC3T3-E1 Cells by Sponging miR-146a","volume":"40","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2499","article-title":"Targeting Osteoclast-Osteoblast Communication","volume":"17","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.008","article-title":"The Noncoding RNA Revolution-Trashing Old Rules to Forge New Ones","volume":"157","author":"Cech","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23912-3","article-title":"Cyperenoic Acid Suppresses Osteoclast Differentiation and Delays Bone Loss in a Senile Osteoporosis Mouse Model by Inhibiting Non-canonical NF-\u039ab Pathway","volume":"8","author":"Chawalitpong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2032","article-title":"MiR-503 Regulates Osteoclastogenesis via Targeting RANK","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2017.11","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Tight-Skin Mice Identifies miR-151-5p as a Therapeutic Target for Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1845","article-title":"miR-148a Regulates Osteoclastogenesis by Targeting V-Maf Musculoaponeurotic Fibrosarcoma Oncogene Homolog B","volume":"28","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.1","article-title":"Fracture Healing under Healthy and Inflammatory Conditions","volume":"8","author":"Claes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1517\/14712590902932889","article-title":"MicroRNA Identification in Plasma and Serum: a New Tool to Diagnose and Monitor Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Cortez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.200900112","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs: Meet Thy Masters","volume":"32","author":"Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14228","article-title":"EPC\u2010derived Exosomes Promote Osteoclastogenesis through LncRNA\u2010MALAT1","volume":"23","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cel Mol Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12024","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from Mineralizing Osteoblasts Promote ST2 Cell Osteogenic Differentiation by Alteration of microRNA Expression","volume":"590","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.03.006","article-title":"Epidemiology of Fractures in the United Kingdom 1988-2012: Variation with Age, Sex, Geography, Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status","volume":"87","author":"Curtis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190158","article-title":"Primary Prostate Cancer Educates Bone Stroma through Exosomal Pyruvate Kinase M2 to Promote Bone Metastasis","volume":"216","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370220934736","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from Synovial Fibroblasts under Hypoxia Aggravate Rheumatoid Arthritis by Regulating Treg\/Th17 Balance","volume":"245","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2015.07.007","article-title":"Circular RNAs: Identification, Biogenesis and Function","volume":"1859","author":"Ebbesen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (Bba) - Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115083109","article-title":"Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) Regulates Mesenchymal Stem Cells through Let-7f microRNA and Wnt\/-catenin Signaling","volume":"109","author":"Egea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.164","article-title":"Fracture Healing: Mechanisms and Interventions","volume":"11","author":"Einhorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.131","article-title":"Exosome-mediated Delivery of siRNA In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"7","author":"El-Andaloussi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11973","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c05122","article-title":"Generation of Small RNA-Modulated Exosome Mimetics for Bone Regeneration","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4579","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S258024","article-title":"Osteogenic Effect of tsRNA-10277-Loaded Exosome Derived from Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dddt"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0285","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Promote Fracture Healing in a Mouse Model","volume":"5","author":"Furuta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Transl Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/gtc.12591","article-title":"Involvement of miR-140-3p in Wnt3a and TGF\u03b23 Signaling Pathways during Osteoblast Differentiation in MC3T3-E1 Cells","volume":"23","author":"Fushimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5642","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.34813","article-title":"Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Cells Remodel the Bone Marrow Niche via Exosome-Mediated Transfer of miR-320","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3679","article-title":"RNA in Unexpected Places: Long Non-coding RNA Functions in Diverse Cellular Contexts","volume":"14","author":"Geisler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cel Biol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1498","article-title":"Toward a More Complete View of tRNA Biology","volume":"15","author":"Gieg\u00e9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1109020","article-title":"MicroRNAs Regulate Brain Morphogenesis in Zebrafish","volume":"308","author":"Giraldez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60802-3","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"386","author":"Glyn-Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.07.033","article-title":"Bone Fracture Healing: Cell Therapy in Delayed Unions and Nonunions","volume":"70","author":"G\u00f3mez-Barrena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-017-0569-4","article-title":"Identification and Integrated Analysis of Differentially Expressed lncRNAs and circRNAs Reveal the Potential ceRNA Networks during PDLSC Osteogenic Differentiation","volume":"18","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Genet."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.09.011","article-title":"Lymphocyte-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs Promote Pancreatic \u03b2 Cell Death and May Contribute to Type 1 Diabetes Development","volume":"29","author":"Guay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cel Metab."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5687","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2454","article-title":"Breast Cancer Cell\u2010derived Exosomal miR\u201020a\u20105p Promotes the Proliferation and Differentiation of Osteoclasts by Targeting SRCIN1","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02541-8","article-title":"Exosomal Circ-BRWD1 Contributes to Osteoarthritis Development through the Modulation of miR-1277\/TRAF6 axis","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2015.11.012","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs as Orchestrators of Autophagic Processes","volume":"95","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8040307","article-title":"Review of the Isolation, Characterization, Biological Function, and Multifarious Therapeutic Approaches of Exosomes","volume":"8","author":"Gurunathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.20481","article-title":"The Hallmarks of Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Gutschner","year":"2012","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12359","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12359","article-title":"Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Promising Strategy for Fracture Healing","volume":"50","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42084","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.377515","article-title":"miR-218 Directs a Wnt Signaling Circuit to Promote Differentiation of Osteoblasts and Osteomimicry of Metastatic Cancer Cells","volume":"287","author":"Hassan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03816","article-title":"Stem Cell Division Is Regulated by the microRNA Pathway","volume":"435","author":"Hatfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.03.011","article-title":"Genetic Variation in the Non-coding Genome: Involvement of Micro-RNAs and Long Non-coding RNAs in Disease","volume":"1842","author":"Hrdlickova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (Bba) - Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2012.145","article-title":"Regulation of Mammalian Cell Differentiation by Long Non\u2010coding RNAs","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/03008207.2016.1194406","article-title":"Emerging Roles for Long Noncoding RNAs in Skeletal Biology and Disease","volume":"58","author":"Huynh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2014.05.048","article-title":"miR-140-5p Suppresses BMP2-Mediated Osteogenesis in Undifferentiated Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"588","author":"Hwang","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3192","article-title":"The Landscape of Long Noncoding RNAs in the Human Transcriptome","volume":"47","author":"Iyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6221","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201810_16028","article-title":"Bone Marrow Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes Extracted from Osteoporosis Patients Inhibit Osteogenesis via microRNA-21\/SMAD7","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-020-03193-x","article-title":"Exosomal miR-9-5p Secreted by Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviates Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting Syndecan-1","volume":"381","author":"Jin","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105946","article-title":"Human Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes Overexpressing microRNA-26a-5p Alleviate Osteoarthritis via Down-Regulation of PTGS2","volume":"78","author":"Jin","year":"","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2014.06.006","article-title":"Regulation of Histone Methylation by Noncoding RNAs","volume":"1839","author":"Joh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (Bba) - Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4991","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1419338111","article-title":"Cells Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 export to Uninfected Cells Exosomes Containing STING, Viral mRNAs, and microRNAs","volume":"111","author":"Kalamvoki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The Biology , Function , and Biomedical Applications of Exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81135","article-title":"The Biology and Function of Exosomes in Cancer","volume":"126","author":"Kalluri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13495","DOI":"10.1039\/c7nr04557c","article-title":"High-purity Capture and Release of Circulating Exosomes Using an Exosome-specific Dual-Patterned Immunofiltration (ExoDIF) Device","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23046","article-title":"PCGEM1 Stimulates Proliferation of Osteoarthritic Synoviocytes by Acting as a Sponge for miR-770","volume":"34","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11667","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904715106","article-title":"Many Human Large Intergenic Noncoding RNAs Associate with Chromatin-Modifying Complexes and Affect Gene Expression","volume":"106","author":"Khalil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pnas"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2011.07.031","article-title":"Non-coding RNA and Antisense RNA. Nature's Trash or Treasure?","volume":"93","author":"Knowling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20776","article-title":"Role of Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor ? in Matrix Degradation of Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage","volume":"52","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22418","article-title":"The Control of Fracture Healing and its Therapeutic Targeting: Improving upon Nature","volume":"109","author":"Komatsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cel. Biochem."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2014.05.004","article-title":"Biogenesis and Secretion of Exosomes","volume":"29","author":"Kowal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cel Biol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.05.004","article-title":"Biogenesis and Function of Transfer RNA-Related Fragments (tRFs)","volume":"41","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2016.12.013","article-title":"MicroRNAs as Peripheral Biomarkers in Aging and Age-Related Diseases","volume":"146","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.11.001","article-title":"The Human DiGeorge Syndrome Critical Region Gene 8 and its D. melanogaster Homolog Are Required for miRNA Biogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Landthaler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148407","article-title":"Circular RNAs Co-precipitate with Extracellular Vesicles: A Possible Mechanism for circRNA Clearance","volume":"11","author":"Lasda","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.549","article-title":"Functional Characterisation of Osteosarcoma Cell Lines and Identification of mRNAs and miRNAs Associated with Aggressive Cancer Phenotypes","volume":"109","author":"Lauvrak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.263574.115","article-title":"miR-431 Promotes Differentiation and Regeneration of Old Skeletal Muscle by Targeting Smad4","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01957","article-title":"The Nuclear RNase III Drosha Initiates microRNA Processing","volume":"425","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X17732562","article-title":"Critical Issues and Current Challenges in Osteoporosis and Fracture Prevention. An Overview of Unmet Needs","volume":"9","author":"Lems","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0359-0","article-title":"Exosome-mediated Transfer of lncRUNX2-AS1 from Multiple Myeloma Cells to MSCs Contributes to Osteogenesis","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10872","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10872","article-title":"Osteoclast-derived Exosomal miR-214-3p Inhibits Osteoblastic Bone Formation","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.02.083","article-title":"Microarray Expression Profile of Long Noncoding RNAs in Human Osteosarcoma","volume":"433","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophysical Res. Commun."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.09.003","article-title":"Targeted Disruption of Hotair Leads to Homeotic Transformation and Gene Derepression","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Cel Rep."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-02160-0","article-title":"Exosomal miR-186 Derived from BMSCs Promote Osteogenesis through Hippo Signaling Pathway in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.18133","article-title":"Progress in Exosome Isolation Techniques","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13906","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804438105","article-title":"A microRNA Signature for a BMP2-Induced Osteoblast Lineage Commitment Program","volume":"105","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2959","article-title":"Exon-intron Circular RNAs Regulate Transcription in the Nucleus","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.12.065","article-title":"Chondrocytes-derived Exosomal miR-8485 Regulated the Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Pathways to Promote Chondrogenic Differentiation of BMSCs","volume":"523","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophysical Res. Commun."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36938","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c10458","article-title":"Chondrocyte-Targeted MicroRNA Delivery by Engineered Exosomes toward a Cell-free Osteoarthritis Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Inter."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2163","article-title":"MiR-335-5p Promotes Chondrogenesis in Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Is Regulated through Two Positive Feedback Loops","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4140","article-title":"MicroRNAs and Other Non-coding RNAs as Targets for Anticancer Drug Development","volume":"12","author":"Ling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.11817\/j.issn.1672-7347.2018.12.003","article-title":"Differential Expression of Exosomal miRNAs in Osteoblasts in Osteoarthritis","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204062232199170","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622321991705","article-title":"Serum-derived Exosomes Containing NEAT1 Promote the Occurrence of Rheumatoid Arthritis through Regulation of miR-144-3p\/ROCK2 axis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.08.018","article-title":"MSC Transplantation Improves Osteopenia via Epigenetic Regulation of Notch Signaling in Lupus","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Cel Metab."},{"key":"B90","first-page":"203","article-title":"Meta-analysis of Osteoporosis: Fracture Risks, Medication and Treatment","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.12.020","article-title":"Hypoxic Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Promote Bone Fracture Healing by the Transfer of miR-126","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2018.1526603","article-title":"MSC-derived Exosomes Promote Proliferation and Inhibit Apoptosis of Chondrocytes via lncRNA-KLF3-AS1\/miR-206\/GIT1 axis in Osteoarthritis","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3629","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20180675","article-title":"Exosomal KLF3-AS1 from hMSCs Promoted Cartilage Repair and Chondrocyte Proliferation in Osteoarthritis","volume":"475","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34453","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: a Disease of the Joint as an Organ","volume":"64","author":"Loeser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a008334","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a008334","article-title":"Development of the Endochondral Skeleton","volume":"5","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03702","article-title":"MicroRNA Expression Profiles Classify Human Cancers","volume":"435","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1341-7","article-title":"Exosomes of Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth as an Anti-inflammatory Agent in Temporomandibular Joint Chondrocytes via miR-100-5p\/mTOR","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cel Res Ther"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68062","article-title":"Steroids and Osteoporosis: the Quest for Mechanisms","volume":"123","author":"Manolagas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5354","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13808","article-title":"Exosomal miR-95-5p Regulates Chondrogenesis and Cartilage Degradation via Histone Deacetylase 2\/8","volume":"22","author":"Mao","year":"","journal-title":"J. Cel Mol Med"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02431-5","article-title":"Exosome-transported circRNA_0001236 Enhances Chondrogenesis and Suppress Cartilage Degradation via the miR-3677-3p\/Sox9 axis","volume":"12","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cel Res Ther"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-1004-0","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from miR-92a-3p-Overexpressing Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Chondrogenesis and Suppress Cartilage Degradation via Targeting WNT5A","volume":"9","author":"Mao","year":"","journal-title":"Stem Cel Res Ther"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.11.006","article-title":"MicroRNA-92a-3p Regulates the Expression of Cartilage-specific Genes by Directly Targeting Histone Deacetylase 2 in Chondrogenesis and Degradation","volume":"25","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and Cartilage"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2131","article-title":"MicroRNA\u2010155 Inhibition Up\u2010regulates LEPR to Inhibit Osteoclast Activation and Bone Resorption via Activation of AMPK in Alendronate\u2010treated Osteoporotic Mice","volume":"71","author":"Mao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2008.03.027","article-title":"Osteoclast-osteoblast Communication","volume":"473","author":"Matsuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R121","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi101","article-title":"Small Regulatory RNAs in Mammals","volume":"141","author":"Mattick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00441","article-title":"Exosomal MicroRNA-320a Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulates Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-like Synoviocyte Activation by Suppressing CXCL9 Expression","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5313","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11594","article-title":"Knockdown of Exosome-mediated lnc-PVT1 A-lleviates L-ipopolysaccharide-induced O-steoarthritis P-rogression by M-ediating the HMGB1\/TLR4\/NF-\u03baB P-athway via miR-93-5p","volume":"22","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R102","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4282","article-title":"miR-31 Controls Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption by Targeting RhoA","volume":"15","author":"Mizoguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks296","article-title":"Emerging Functional and Mechanistic Paradigms of Mammalian Long Non-coding RNAs","volume":"40","author":"Moran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3722","article-title":"The Rise of Regulatory RNA","volume":"15","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2040","article-title":"Inhibition of miR-92a Enhances Fracture Healing via Promoting Angiogenesis in a Model of Stabilized Fracture in Young Mice","volume":"29","author":"Murata","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1373","article-title":"The microRNA miR-181 Targets the Homeobox Protein Hox-A11 during Mammalian Myoblast Differentiation","volume":"8","author":"Naguibneva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Cel Biol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.08.027","article-title":"Lineage-specific Exosomes Could Override Extracellular Matrix Mediated Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation","volume":"182","author":"Narayanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7727","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S182384","article-title":"Exosome-mediated Delivery of Functionally Active miRNA-142-3p Inhibitor Reduces Tumorigenicity of Breast Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo","author":"Naseri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ijn"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07747","article-title":"Widespread Bidirectional Promoters Are the Major Source of Cryptic Transcripts in Yeast","volume":"457","author":"Neil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1739-2","article-title":"The Exosome-like Vesicles from Osteoarthritic Chondrocyte Enhanced Mature IL-1\u03b2 Production of Macrophages and Aggravated Synovitis in Osteoarthritis","volume":"10","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cel Death Dis"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-882-5_17","article-title":"Plant Viroids: Isolation, Characterization\/detection, and Analysis","volume":"894","author":"Owens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90040-5","article-title":"Fate of the Transferrin Receptor during Maturation of Sheep Reticulocytes In Vitro: Selective Externalization of the Receptor","volume":"33","author":"Pan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41800-2","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Exosome Isolation Methods Using Culture Supernatant for Optimum Yield, Purity and Downstream Applications","volume":"9","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-018-0419-y","article-title":"Exosomes in Extracellular Matrix Bone Biology","volume":"16","author":"Peth\u0151","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1956510","article-title":"tRNA Biology Charges to the Front","volume":"24","author":"Phizicky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.030","article-title":"Micro RNAs in Animal Development","volume":"124","author":"Plasterk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11021","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.770941","article-title":"Myostatin Inhibits Osteoblastic Differentiation by Suppressing Osteocyte-Derived Exosomal microRNA-218: A Novel Mechanism in Muscle-Bone Communication","volume":"292","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21961","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21961","article-title":"Bone Marrow Stromal\/stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Regulate Osteoblast Activity and Differentiation In Vitro and Promote Bone Regeneration In Vivo","volume":"6","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2015.10","article-title":"Unique Features of Long Non-coding RNA Biogenesis and Function","volume":"17","author":"Quinn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2014.08.009","article-title":"Long Noncoding RNAs: an Emerging Link between Gene Regulation and Nuclear Organization","volume":"24","author":"Quinodoz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cel Biol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62349-5","article-title":"Osteoporosis: Now and the Future","volume":"377","author":"Rachner","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00171","article-title":"tRNAs as Regulators of Biological Processes","volume":"5","author":"Raina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00022.2016","article-title":"Bone Cell Bioenergetics and Skeletal Energy Homeostasis","volume":"97","author":"Riddle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-051410-092902","article-title":"Genome Regulation by Long Noncoding RNAs","volume":"81","author":"Rinn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.01.015","article-title":"IL6-mediated Suppression of miR-200c Directs Constitutive Activation of Inflammatory Signaling Circuit Driving Transformation and Tumorigenesis","volume":"45","author":"Rokavec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cel"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1392","article-title":"MicroRNAs Accurately Identify Cancer Tissue Origin","volume":"26","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2016.03.002","article-title":"Circular RNA Expression: Its Potential Regulation and Function","volume":"32","author":"Salzman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2009.0112","article-title":"MicroRNA Hsa-miR-135b Regulates Mineralization in Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cells","volume":"19","author":"Schaap-Oziemlak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cell Dev."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.02.007","article-title":"The Centrality of RNA","volume":"136","author":"Sharp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2009.03.007","article-title":"Exosomes - Vesicular Carriers for Intercellular Communication","volume":"21","author":"Simons","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cel Biol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers5041522","article-title":"Exosomes in Prostate Cancer: Putting Together the Pieces of a Puzzle","volume":"5","author":"Soekmadji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b00287","article-title":"Reversal of Osteoporotic Activity by Endothelial Cell-Secreted Bone Targeting and Biocompatible Exosomes","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/19768354.2017.1406871","article-title":"Selective Loading of Exosomal HULC and miR-372 Is Responsible for Chondrocyte Death during OA Pathogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal Cells & Syst."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2015.03.007","article-title":"The Landscape of Long Noncoding RNA Classification","volume":"31","author":"St. Laurent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R67","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0147","article-title":"Skeletal Energy Homeostasis: a Paradigm of Endocrine Discovery","volume":"234","author":"Suchacki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27289","article-title":"Expression of Exosomal microRNAs during Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"120","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cel Biochem"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16015","DOI":"10.1038\/celldisc.2016.15","article-title":"Osteoclast-derived microRNA-Containing Exosomes Selectively Inhibit Osteoblast Activity","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.312","article-title":"Tiny RNAs Associated with Transcription Start Sites in Animals","volume":"41","author":"Taft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01227-8","article-title":"The Fibroblast-like Synoviocyte Derived Exosomal Long Non-coding RNA H19 Alleviates Osteoarthritis Progression through the miR-106b-5p\/TIMP2 Axis","volume":"43","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1159\/000484027","article-title":"MiR-124 Attenuates Osteoclastogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Monocytes via Targeting Rab27a","volume":"43","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.17133","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from miR-140-5p-Overexpressing Human Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Cartilage Tissue Regeneration and Prevent Osteoarthritis of the Knee in a Rat Model","volume":"7","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.05.001","article-title":"Targeted Ablation of Osteocytes Induces Osteoporosis with Defective Mechanotransduction","volume":"5","author":"Tatsumi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cel Metab."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nri855","article-title":"Exosomes: Composition, Biogenesis and Function","volume":"2","author":"Th\u00e9ry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.11.008","article-title":"MSC Exosome as a Cell-free MSC Therapy for Cartilage Regeneration: Implications for Osteoarthritis Treatment","volume":"67","author":"Toh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Cel Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/03008207.2017.1412432","article-title":"Regulation of Osteogenesis by Long Noncoding RNAs: An Epigenetic Mechanism Contributing to Bone Formation","volume":"59","author":"Tye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.06.020","article-title":"lincRNAs: Genomics, Evolution, and Mechanisms","volume":"154","author":"Ulitsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.26263","article-title":"Intestinal Epithelial Cells Secrete Exosome-like Vesicles","volume":"121","author":"van Niel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2014.06.001","article-title":"Transcriptional Regulatory Functions of Nuclear Long Noncoding RNAs","volume":"30","author":"Vance","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"B155","first-page":"12","article-title":"Fri0529 Spread of Senescence and Joint Inflammation via Connexin43-Positive Exosomes Released by Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes","volume-title":"Annual European Congress of Rheumatology","author":"Varela-Eir\u00edn","year":"2019"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","article-title":"Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) for 1160 Sequelae of 289 Diseases and Injuries 1990-2010: a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4018","article-title":"Targeting Long Non-coding RNA to Therapeutically Upregulate Gene Expression","volume":"12","author":"Wahlestedt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5440","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201801821R","article-title":"BMSCs Protect against Renal Ischemia\u2010reperfusion Injury by Secreting Exosomes Loaded with miR\u2010199a\u20105p that Target BIP to Inhibit Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress at the Very Early Reperfusion Stages","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB j."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2018.1556063","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 Promoted Chondrocyte Proliferation by Regulating Sp1 through MSC-Exosomes Derived miR-135b","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3386-5","article-title":"Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk of Fractures: an Updated Meta-Analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation","volume":"27","author":"Weaver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0600","article-title":"let-7 Enhances Osteogenesis and Bone Formation while Repressing Adipogenesis of Human Stromal\/mesenchymal Stem Cells by Regulating HMGA2","volume":"23","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Dev."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.03.022","article-title":"miR-100-5p-abundant Exosomes Derived from Infrapatellar Fat Pad MSCs Protect Articular Cartilage and Ameliorate Gait Abnormalities via Inhibition of mTOR in Osteoarthritis","volume":"206","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.08.037","article-title":"Exosomal Noncoding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"493","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1129","article-title":"Exosome\u2010Mediated Transfer of miR\u2010133b from Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Neural Cells Contributes to Neurite Outgrowth","volume":"30","author":"Xin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-020-00622-5","article-title":"M2 Macrophagy-Derived Exosomal miRNA-5106 Induces Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells towards Osteoblastic Fate by Targeting Salt-Inducible Kinase 2 and 3","volume":"18","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e114627","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114627","article-title":"Altered microRNA Expression Profile in Exosomes during Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36983","article-title":"Exosomal lncRNAs NONMMUT000375 .2 and NONMMUT071578 .2 Derived from Titanium Particle Treated RAW264 .7 Cells Regulate Osteogenic Differentiation of MC3T3\u2010E1 Cells","volume":"108","author":"Xu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12794","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12794","article-title":"MicroRNA-31a-5p from Aging BMSCs Links Bone Formation and Resorption in the Aged Bone Marrow Microenvironment","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079752","article-title":"Upregulation of miR-135b Is Involved in the Impaired Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Multiple Myeloma Patients","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21153","DOI":"10.1039\/c6ra27931g","article-title":"Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Enhance Osteoclastogenesis during Alveolar Bone Deterioration in Rats","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-020-00601-w","article-title":"Exosomal miRNA-128-3p from Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Aged Rats Regulates Osteogenesis and Bone Fracture Healing by Targeting Smad5","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.02.001","article-title":"Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Act via the miR-1263\/Mob1\/Hippo Signaling Pathway to Prevent Apoptosis in Disuse Osteoporosis","volume":"524","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophysical Res. Commun."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802896","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201802896","article-title":"Exosome Biochemistry and Advanced Nanotechnology for Next-Generation Theranostic Platforms","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8777","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102264","article-title":"LncRNA MALAT1 Shuttled by Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Secreted Exosomes Alleviates Osteoporosis through Mediating microRNA-34c\/SATB2 axis","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-020-00309-z","article-title":"The Roles of miRNA, lncRNA and circRNA in the Development of Osteoporosis","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1159\/000480344","article-title":"Effects of Blue Light Emitting Diode Irradiation on the Proliferation, Apoptosis and Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"43","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cel Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B177","first-page":"295","article-title":"Temporomandibular Disorders: Osteoarthritis","volume":"13","author":"Zarb","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Orofac Pain"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1576","article-title":"Comparison of the Therapeutic Effect of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells and Their Exosomes on Monoiodoacetate\u2010induced Animal Model of Osteoarthritis","volume":"46","author":"Zavatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0126-x","article-title":"Asymmetric-flow Field-Flow Fractionation Technology for Exomere and Small Extracellular Vesicle Separation and Characterization","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2012.06.047","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b2-induced miR-155 Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation by Targeting SOCS1 and MITF","volume":"586","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2114","article-title":"Integrin-\u03b21 Regulates Chondrocyte Proliferation and Apoptosis through the Upregulation of GIT1 Expression","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1625407","article-title":"Differential Expressions of microRNAs and Transfer RNA-Derived Small RNAs: Potential Targets of Choroidal Neovascularization","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1021-3","article-title":"Long Non-coding RNAs in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Biologic Function, Mechanisms and Clinical Implications","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201807_15356","article-title":"MiR-204 Promotes Fracture Healing via Enhancing Cell Viability of Osteoblasts","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13346","article-title":"Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments as Potential Exosome tRNA-Derived Fragment Biomarkers for Osteoporosis","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9863","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018493108","article-title":"A Program of microRNAs Controls Osteogenic Lineage Progression by Targeting Transcription Factor Runx2","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.08.024","article-title":"Expression of microRNAs during Chondrogenesis of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and Cartilage"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.05.012","article-title":"Bidirectional ephrinB2-EphB4 Signaling Controls Bone Homeostasis","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cel Metab."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2017.2303","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor beta1\/Smad4 Signaling Affects Osteoclast Differentiation via Regulation of miR-155 Expression","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9191","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26939","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of microRNAs in Osteoporosis Function by Regulating the Biology of Cells Related to Bone Homeostasis","volume":"233","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cel Physiol"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4093-6","article-title":"Synovial Fluid-Derived Exosomal lncRNA PCGEM1 as Biomarker for the Different Stages of Osteoarthritis","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Orthopaedics (Sicot)"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02214-y","article-title":"Exosomal Hsa_circ_0006859 Is a Potential Biomarker for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis and Enhances Adipogenic versus Osteogenic Differentiation in Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Sponging miR-431-5p","volume":"12","author":"Zhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cel Res Ther"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2014.01.006","article-title":"NF-\u03baB Target microRNAs and Their Target Genes in TNF\u03b1-Stimulated HeLa Cells","volume":"1839","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (Bba) - Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4954","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201906_18086","article-title":"Effects of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes on Fracture Healing in Rats through the Wnt Signaling Pathway","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.08.003","article-title":"The Biology, Function and Clinical Implications of Exosomes in Lung Cancer","volume":"407","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.01.006","article-title":"circRNA.33186 Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis by Sponging miR-127-5p","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2021.108856","article-title":"Exosome-mediated Circ_0001846 Participates in IL-1\u03b2-induced Chondrocyte Cell Damage by miR-149-5p-dependent Regulation of WNT5B","volume":"232","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.811666\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T13:31:01Z","timestamp":1640266261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.811666\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"references-count":197,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2021.811666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.811666","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"article-number":"811666"}}