{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:44:39Z","timestamp":1778575479081,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway of quercetin regulating avian beta-defensin (AvBD) in the ileum of Arbor Acre (AA) broilers. Four hundred and eighty one-day-old Arbor Acre broilers with similar body weight, half male and female, were randomly allotted to four treatments; the control treatment and three dietary treatments were fed with the basal diets supplemented with 0, 0.02%, 0.04, and 0.06% quercetin, respectively. The results showed that dietary quercetin supplementation did not significantly influence growth performance (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05), but significantly decreased the mortality rate of broilers by 85.74%, 85.74, and 71.28%, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05, F = 9.06). Compared with control, dietary supplementation with 0.04 and 0.06% quercetin significantly upregulated mRNA expression of total AvBD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), and there were no significant differences in the mRNA expression of AvBD1, AvBD2, and AvBD14 in three quercetin supplementation groups in the ileum of AA broilers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05). Dietary supplementation with 0.02 and 0.06% quercetin significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of total Toll-like receptors (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Dietary quercetin supplementation significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of TLR1A, TLR1B, and TLR2A (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05); however, there were no significant differences in the mRNA expression of TLR2B, TLR5, and TLR15 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05). Dietary quercetin supplementation significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) and TIR domain-containing adaptor protein\/MyD88-adaptor-like (TIRAP\/MAL) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), 0.02% quercetin significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of tank-binding kinase1 (TBK1), I\u03baB kinase complex-\u03b1 (IKK\u03b1), IKK\u03b2, IKK\u03b5, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB), NF-\u03baB inhibitor-alpha (I\u03baB\u03b1), I\u03baB\u03b1, I\u03baB\u03b2, TNF-receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), and interferons regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), 0.04% quercetin significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of IKK\u03b2, IKK\u03b5, NF-\u03baB, I\u03baB\u03b1, I\u03baB\u03b2, TRAF3, and TRAF6 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), and 0.06% quercetin significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of TBK1 and IKK\u03b1 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). 0.02% quercetin significantly decreased the relative abundance of <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), 0.04% quercetin significantly decreased the relative abundance of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), and 0.06% quercetin significantly decreased the relative abundance of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01) in the ileum of AA broilers. These findings suggested that dietary quercetin supplementation regulated the mRNA expression of AvBD, TLR, and the TLR signaling pathways and NF-\u03baB signalling pathways, thereby maintaining the microecological balance of the intestinal tract and decreasing the mortality of broilers, and the optimum addition amount of quercetin is 0.04% under the test conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.816771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T15:51:51Z","timestamp":1645631511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Toll-Like Receptors Signaling Pathway of Quercetin Regulating Avian Beta-Defensin in the Ileum of Broilers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Linlin","family":"Ying","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuaishuai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manyi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fenglin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(85)90275-2","article-title":"Establishment of Dorsal-Ventral Polarity in the drosophila Embryo: The Induction of Polarity by the Toll Gene Product","volume":"42","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12142","article-title":"Green tea Extract and its Major Constituent, Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate, Induce Epithelial Beta-Defensin Secretion and Prevent Beta-Defensin Degradation by Porphyromonas Gingivalis","volume":"49","author":"Bedran","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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