{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T06:17:56Z","timestamp":1777270676238,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) remains an unsolved problem in obstetrics and gynecology, and up to 50% of RPL cases are unexplained. Unexplained RPL (uRPL) is widely considered to be related to an aberrant endometrial microenvironment. BMP2 is an important factor involved in endometrial decidualization and embryo implantation, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) is a critical inflammatory regulator in the endometrium. In this study, we found that endometrial samples obtained from Unexplained RPL patients have significantly lower BMP2 and higher ICAM1 levels than fertile controls. For further research on the relationship between BMP2 and ICAM1 and the potential molecular mechanisms in Unexplained RPL, immortalized human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) and primary human decidual stromal cells (HDSCs) were used as study models. Our results showed that BMP2 significantly decreased ICAM1 expression by upregulating DNA-binding protein inhibitor 3 (ID3) in both HESCs and HDSCs. Using kinase receptor inhibitors (dorsomorphin homolog 1 (DMH-1) and dorsomorphin) and siRNA transfection, it has been found that the upregulation of ID3 and the following downregulation of ICAM1 induced by BMP2 is regulated through the ALK3-SMAD4 signaling pathway. This research gives a hint of a novel mechanism by which BMP2 regulates ICAM1 in the human endometrium, which provides insights into potential therapeutics for unexplained RPL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1090593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T06:51:54Z","timestamp":1677221514000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["ID3 mediates BMP2-induced downregulation of ICAM1 expression in human endometiral stromal cells and decidual cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsun-Ming","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter C. 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