{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T05:01:22Z","timestamp":1773032482696,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mutations in the transcription factor gene grainyhead-like 2 (<jats:italic>GRHL2<\/jats:italic>) are associated with progressive non-syndromic sensorineural deafness autosomal dominant type 28 (<jats:italic>DFNA28<\/jats:italic>) in humans. Since complete loss of <jats:italic>Grhl2<\/jats:italic> is lethal in mouse embryos, we studied its role during inner ear pathology and hearing loss <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. To this end, we generated different homozygous deletions to knockout <jats:italic>Grhl2<\/jats:italic> in mouse embryonic stem cells (<jats:italic>Grhl2-KO<\/jats:italic> ESCs), including some mimicking naturally occurring truncations in the dimerisation domain related to human <jats:italic>DFNA28<\/jats:italic>. Under na\u00efve culture conditions, <jats:italic>Grhl2-KO<\/jats:italic> cells in suspension were more heterogenous in size and larger than wild-type controls. Adherent <jats:italic>Grhl2-KO<\/jats:italic> cells were also larger, with a less uniform shape, flattened, less circular morphology, forming loose monolayer colonies with poorly defined edges. These changes correlated with lower expression of epithelial cadherin <jats:italic>Cdh1<\/jats:italic> but no changes in tight junction markers (<jats:italic>Ocln, Tjp2<\/jats:italic>) or other <jats:italic>Grhl<\/jats:italic> isoforms (<jats:italic>Grhl1, Grhl3<\/jats:italic>). Clonogenicity from single cells, proliferation rates of cell populations and proliferation markers were reduced in <jats:italic>Grhl2-KO<\/jats:italic> ESCs. We next induced stepwise directed differentiation of <jats:italic>Grhl2-KO<\/jats:italic> ESCs along an otic pathway, giving rise to three-dimensional inner ear-like organoids (IELOs). Quantitative morphometry revealed that <jats:italic>Grhl2-KO<\/jats:italic> cells initially formed larger IELOs with a less compacted structure, more eccentric shape and increased surface area. These morphological changes persisted for up to one\u00a0week. They were partially rescued by forced cell aggregation and fully restored by stably overexpressing exogenous <jats:italic>Grhl2<\/jats:italic> in <jats:italic>Grhl2-KO<\/jats:italic> ESCs, indicating that Grhl2 alters cell-cell interactions. On day 8, aggregates were transferred into minimal maturation medium to allow self-guided organogenesis for another two weeks. During this period, <jats:italic>Grhl2-KO<\/jats:italic> cells and wild-type controls developed similarly, expressing neural, neuronal and sensory hair cell markers, while maintaining their initial differences in size and shape. In summary, Grhl2 is required for morphological maintenance of ESCs and orderly formation of IELOs, consistent with an essential role in organising epithelial integrity during inner ear development. Our findings validate quantitative morphometry as a useful, non-invasive screening method for molecular phenotyping of candidate mutations during organoid development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1112069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T21:44:47Z","timestamp":1694123087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Grainyhead-like 2 is required for morphological integrity of mouse embryonic stem cells and orderly formation of inner ear-like organoids"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Blaise","family":"Forrester-Gauntlett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Oback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.282","article-title":"Conversion of ancestral fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"28","author":"Araki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R99","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy187","article-title":"Use and application of 3D-organoid technology","volume":"27","author":"Artegiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. 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