{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T11:16:29Z","timestamp":1771931789898,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cell motion of <jats:italic>Euglena gracilis<\/jats:italic> in homogeneous and heterogeneous light environments was analyzed. Homogeneous and heterogeneous environments were prepared, with only a red color or with a red circle surrounded by brighter white regions, respectively. In a heterogeneous environment, the cells move into the red circle. Swimming orbits at 1\/25\u00a0s intervals for 120\u00a0s were analyzed. The speed distribution of the 1 s-averaged cell orbits in a homogeneous environment was different from that in a heterogeneous environment, where the faster swimming fraction was enhanced. The relationship between speed and curvature radius was analyzed using a joint histogram. Histograms for short timescale motion, constructed by 1 s-averaged orbits, suggest that the cell swimming curves are not biased, while those for long timescale motion, constructed by 10 s-averaged orbits, suggest that the cell swimming curves are biased in the clockwise direction. Furthermore, the curvature radius determines the speed, which does not seem to depend on the light environment. The mean squared displacement in a heterogeneous environment is larger than that in a homogeneous environment on a 1\u00a0s timescale. These results will be the basis for constructing a model for the long-time behavior of photomovement for light differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1133028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T05:35:47Z","timestamp":1676871347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Long-time behavior of swimming Euglena gracilis in a heterogenous light environment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Muku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Touya","family":"Kamikubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiko J.","family":"Suematsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Iima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Random walks in Biology paperback","author":"Berg","year":"1993"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1126\/science.181.4104.1009","article-title":"Phototaxis and sensory transduction in Euglena","volume":"181","author":"Diehn","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7045","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1422922112","article-title":"Generalized receptor law governs phototaxis in the phytoplankton Euglena gracilis","volume":"112","author":"Giometto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. 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