{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:26:47Z","timestamp":1784770007406,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neural diseases such as compressive, congenital, and traumatic injuries have diverse consequences, from benign mild sequelae to severe life-threatening conditions with associated losses of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Several approaches have been adopted to control neuroinflammatory cascades. Traditionally, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been regarded as therapeutic agents, as they possess growth factors and cytokines with potential anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects. However, several animal model studies have reported conflicting outcomes, and therefore, the role of MSCs as a regenerative source for the treatment of neural pathologies remains debatable. In addition, issues such as heterogeneity and ethical issues limited their use as therapeutic agents. To overcome the obstacles associated with the use of traditional agents, we explored the therapeutic potentials of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain nucleic acids, functional proteins, and bioactive lipids, and play crucial roles in immune response regulation, inflammation reduction, and cell-to-cell communication. EVs may surpass MSCs in size issue, immunogenicity, and response to the host environment. However, a comprehensive review is required on the therapeutic potential of EVs for the treatment of neural pathologies. In this review, we discuss the action mechanism of EVs, their potential for treating neural pathologies, and future perspectives regarding their clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1151357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T05:45:39Z","timestamp":1679463939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Therapeutic potential of small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells for spinal cord and nerve injury"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Young-Ju","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyeong Na","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wook-Tae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Soo","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gun Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2020.101978","article-title":"Strategies for scalable manufacturing and translation of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"48","author":"Adlerz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2020.0008","article-title":"Impact of patient counseling and socioeconomic factors on initiation of rehabilitation program in spinal cord injury patients presenting to a tertiary spine unit in India","volume":"15","author":"Aiyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05014-5","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in metabolic disease","volume":"62","author":"Akbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-013-1084-8","article-title":"Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): Exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies","volume":"113","author":"Akers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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