{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:35:48Z","timestamp":1773275748889,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold> Pupil center is an important anchor point in corneal refractive surgery, which may affect by body position. This study investigated the feasibility of using a smartphone application in measurement of posture-related pupil center shifts.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Images of undilated eyes were captured for 25 participants (age: 18\u201338\u00a0years) at a distance of 40\u00a0cm in four body positions (seated, supine, right lateral, and left lateral) under controlled lighting conditions. During taking images, a smartphone application was used to guide positioning without head rotation and tilt. From the images, the location of the pupil center and pupil diameter with respect to the limbus boundary were measured.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> According to the data obtained by the smartphone application, pupil center was located slightly nasal and superior to the limbus center in the seated position, and it shifted more nasally and superiorly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001, OD 0.54 \u00b1 0.11\u00a0mm, OS 0.57 \u00b1 0.14\u00a0mm) in the supine position. When body position switched between left and right lateral positions, the pupil centers of both eyes shifted along the direction of gravity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), and no significant shift occurred along the longitudinal axis. Moreover, pupil constriction was observed when the body position changed from seated to supine position (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001, OD 0.64 \u00b1 0.57\u00a0mm, OS 0.63 \u00b1 0.58\u00a0mm).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Posture-related pupil center shift may be larger than the error tolerance of centration in corneal refractive surgery, which might be difficult to measure by the existing instruments. An accessible application is necessary for evaluating the shift of pupil center and guiding centration during the surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1174122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T04:34:27Z","timestamp":1681360467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Using a smartphone app in the measurement of posture-related pupil center shift on centration during corneal refractive surgery"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12583","article-title":"Size does matter: What is the corneo-limbal diameter?","volume":"100","author":"Bergmanson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. optometry"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/s0886-3350(02)01638-3","article-title":"Maximum permissible lateral decentration in aberration-sensing and wavefront-guided corneal ablation","volume":"29","author":"Bueeler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2015.09.001","article-title":"White-to-white corneal diameter distribution in an adult population","volume":"27","author":"Hashemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Curr. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.028","article-title":"Relationships between pupil diameter and neuronal activity in the locus coeruleus, colliculi, and cingulate cortex","volume":"89","author":"Joshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000383","article-title":"Decentration of optical zone center and its impact on visual outcomes following SMILE","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2012.02.028","article-title":"Pupil centroid shift and cyclotorsion in bilateral wavefront-guided laser refractive surgery and the correlation between both eyes","volume":"112","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13492","article-title":"Influences of luminance and accommodation stimuli on pupil size and pupil center location","volume":"55","author":"Mathur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/s0886-3350(00)00806-3","article-title":"Increased higher-order optical aberrations after laser refractive surgery: A problem of subclinical decentration","volume":"27","author":"Mrochen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.03864.x","article-title":"Effect of gravity on vertical eye position","volume":"1164","author":"Pierrot-Deseilligny","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2005.10.027","article-title":"Aberrations induced in wavefront-guided laser refractive surgery due to shifts between natural and dilated pupil center locations","volume":"32","author":"Porter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"2508","article-title":"Pupil location under mesopic, photopic, and pharmacologically dilated conditions","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2001.00418.x","article-title":"Diplopia as a complication of laser in situ keratomileusis surgery","volume":"29","author":"Yap","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2023.1174122\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T04:34:30Z","timestamp":1681360470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2023.1174122\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"references-count":12,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2023.1174122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2023.1174122","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"article-number":"1174122"}}