{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:26:59Z","timestamp":1790375219416,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinoic acid (RA) is a vital metabolite derived from vitamin A. RA plays a prominent role during development, which helps in embryological advancement and cellular differentiation. Mechanistically, RA binds to its definite nuclear receptors including the retinoic acid receptor and retinoid X receptor, thus triggering gene transcription and further consequences in gene regulation. This functional heterodimer activation later results in gene activation\/inactivation. Several reports have been published related to the detailed embryonic and developmental role of retinoic acids and as an anti-cancer drug for specific cancers, including acute promyelocytic leukemia, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Nonetheless, the other side of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has not been explored widely yet. In this review, we focused on the role of the RA pathway and its downstream gene activation in relation to cancer progression. Furthermore, we explored the ways of targeting the retinoic acid pathway by focusing on the dual role of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) family enzymes. Combination strategies by combining RA targets with ALDH-specific targets make the tumor cells sensitive to the treatment and improve the progression-free survival of the patients. In addition to the genomic effects of ATRA, we also highlighted the role of ATRA in non-canonical mechanisms as an immune checkpoint inhibitor, thus targeting the immune oncological perspective of cancer treatments in the current era. The role of ATRA in activating independent mechanisms is also explained in this review. This review also highlights the current clinical trials of ATRA in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs and explains the future directional insights related to ATRA usage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1254612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T16:42:38Z","timestamp":1691772158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Targeting the retinoic acid signaling pathway as a modern precision therapy against cancers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kousalya","family":"Lavudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreya Madhav","family":"Nuguri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zianne","family":"Olverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anantha Krishna","family":"Dhanabalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivas","family":"Patnaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rekha Rani","family":"Kokkanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120884","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid-mediated miR-30a up-regulation suppresses autophagy and sensitizes gastric cancer cells to cisplatin","volume":"307","author":"Abbasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29081","article-title":"Retinoic acid signaling in cancer: the parable of acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"135","author":"Ablain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/35106036","article-title":"The promise of retinoids to fight against cancer","volume":"1","author":"Altucci","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5402","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu258","article-title":"STRA6 is critical for cellular vitamin A uptake and homeostasis","volume":"23","author":"Amengual","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.r100015-jlr200","article-title":"Gene expression regulation by retinoic acid","volume":"43","author":"Balmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. lipid Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2003.12.005","article-title":"Nuclear retinoid receptors and the transcription of retinoid-target genes","volume":"328","author":"Bastien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13016","article-title":"Aldehyde dehydrogenase in regulatory T\u2010cell development, immunity and cancer","volume":"156","author":"Bazewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10010005","article-title":"Generation of retinaldehyde for retinoic acid biosynthesis","volume":"10","author":"Belyaeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85344-w","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid and protein kinase C \u03b1\/\u03b21 inhibitor combined treatment targets cancer stem cells and impairs breast tumor progression","volume":"11","author":"Berardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-0910","article-title":"Targeting S100a9-aldh1a1-retinoic acid signaling to suppress brain relapse in EGFR-mutant lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Biswas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-0945-1_4","article-title":"Vitamin A absorption, storage and mobilization","volume":"81","author":"Blaner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22158","article-title":"Reduced retinoids and retinoid receptors' expression in pancreatic cancer: a link to patient survival","volume":"54","author":"Bleul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.081078","article-title":"Combined low doses of PPARgamma and RXR ligands trigger an intrinsic apoptotic pathway in human breast cancer cells","volume":"175","author":"Bonofiglio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. pathology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032373","article-title":"Targeting the retinoic acid pathway to eradicate cancer stem cells","volume":"24","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1024038127156","article-title":"Use of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma ligand troglitazone as treatment for refractory breast cancer: a phase II study","volume":"79","author":"Burstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11192988","article-title":"Combination treatment of retinoic acid plus focal adhesion kinase inhibitor prevents tumor growth and breast cancer cell metastasis","volume":"11","author":"Castro-Guijarro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2014.04.003","article-title":"Retinoic acid signaling and mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation: cross talk between genomic and non-genomic effects of RA","volume":"1851","author":"Cecile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochimica Biophysica Acta"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-1630","article-title":"Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1\u2013Positive cancer stem cells mediate metastasis and poor clinical outcome in inflammatory breast cancer","volume":"16","author":"Charafe-Jauffret","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. cancer Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4723","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201906_18053","article-title":"Effects of RXR\u03b1 on proliferation and apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells through TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling pathway","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020382118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020382118","article-title":"Arsenic trioxide replacing or reducing chemotherapy in consolidation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL2012 trial)","volume":"118","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2022.154141","article-title":"HOXA1 promotes proliferation and metastasis of bladder cancer by enhancing SMAD3 transcription","volume":"239","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathology-Research Pract."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110050622","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): nuclear receptors at the crossroads between lipid metabolism and inflammation","volume":"49","author":"Chinetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2012.02.020","article-title":"Retinoic acid signaling and the initiation of mammary gland development","volume":"365","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.07.078","article-title":"Responsiveness of stem-like human glioma cells to all-trans retinoic acid and requirement of retinoic acid receptor isotypes \u03b1, \u03b2 and \u03b3","volume":"279","author":"Choschzick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12030408","article-title":"RUNX3 in stem cell and cancer biology","volume":"12","author":"Chuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-018-0975-0","article-title":"Stemness marker ALDH1A1 promotes tumor angiogenesis via retinoic acid\/HIF-1\u03b1\/VEGF signalling in MCF-7 breast cancer cells","volume":"37","author":"Ciccone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2402718","article-title":"The role of retinoids and retinoic acid receptors in normal hematopoiesis","volume":"16","author":"Collins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3932","article-title":"Mechanisms of retinoic acid signalling and its roles in organ and limb development","volume":"16","author":"Cunningham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3951","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.7.3951","article-title":"Induction of solid tumor differentiation by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 ligand troglitazone in patients with liposarcoma","volume":"96","author":"Demetri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.042","article-title":"Tumor-derived retinoic acid regulates intratumoral monocyte differentiation to promote immune suppression","volume":"180","author":"Devalaraja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2014.12.003","article-title":"Retinoic acid receptors: from molecular mechanisms to cancer therapy","volume":"41","author":"Di Masi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. aspects Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-739x(03)72221-0","article-title":"Cirug\u00eda de la obesidad m\u00f3rbida: medicina basada en la evidencia","volume":"74","author":"D\u00edez-del Val","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cirug\u00eda Espa\u00f1ola."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-2-29","article-title":"The biology of the Ets1 proto-oncogene","volume":"2","author":"Dittmer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. cancer"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e495","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(23)00089-3","article-title":"Intensive chemotherapy with or without gemtuzumab ozogamicin in patients with NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia (AMLSG 09\u201309): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial","volume":"10","author":"D\u00f6hner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23695","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.34.23695","article-title":"Distinct roles for cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins I and II in regulating signaling by retinoic acid","volume":"274","author":"Dong","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1080\/1042819031000116670","article-title":"Cross-talk between retinoic acid and STAT3 signaling pathways in acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"44","author":"Dong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leukemia lymphoma"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39747","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M004987200","article-title":"Feedback inhibition of the retinaldehyde dehydrogenase gene ALDH1 by retinoic acid through retinoic acid receptor alpha and CCAAT\/enhancer-binding protein beta","volume":"275","author":"Elizondo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2008.10.011","article-title":"Retinoic acid modulates retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 gene expression through the induction of GADD153-C\/EBPbeta interaction","volume":"77","author":"Elizondo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E10132","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710837114","article-title":"Periodic production of retinoic acid by meiotic and somatic cells coordinates four transitions in mouse spermatogenesis","volume":"114","author":"Endo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B40","first-page":"22","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid potentiates antitumor efficacy of cisplatin by increasing differentiation of cancer stem-like cells in cervical cancer","volume":"51","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Laboratory Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e487","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(17)30170-9","article-title":"Oral all-trans retinoic acid plus danazol versus danazol as second-line treatment in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"4","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6074","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2017.204","article-title":"Cross talk between progesterone receptors and retinoic acid receptors in regulation of cytokeratin 5-positive breast cancer cells","volume":"36","author":"Fettig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44635","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5988","article-title":"PPAR\u03b1 induces cell apoptosis by destructing Bcl2","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-12-44","article-title":"Activation of Akt pathway by transcription-independent mechanisms of retinoic acid promotes survival and invasion in lung cancer cells","volume":"12","author":"Garc\u00eda-Regalado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. cancer"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/415187a","article-title":"Co-regulator recruitment and the mechanism of retinoic acid receptor synergy","volume":"415","author":"Germain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3760","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf374","article-title":"Phosphorylation by p38MAPK and recruitment of SUG-1 are required for RA-induced RAR\u03b3 degradation and transactivation","volume":"21","author":"Giann\u00ec","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B47","first-page":"65","article-title":"What is vitamin A and why do we need it?","volume":"26","author":"Gilbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community eye health"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.2.121","article-title":"The coregulator exchange in transcriptional functions of nuclear receptors","volume":"14","author":"Glass","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes & Dev."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069490","article-title":"Recruitment of a 19 S proteasome subcomplex to an activated promoter","volume":"296","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198404193101605","article-title":"Vitamin A and retinoids in health and disease","volume":"310","author":"Goodman","year":"1984","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60704","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19610","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are potential drug targets for cancer therapy","volume":"8","author":"Gou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-2882","article-title":"RAR\u03b3 downregulation contributes to colorectal tumorigenesis and metastasis by derepressing the hippo-yap pathway","volume":"76","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2021.105366","article-title":"A phase II trial of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in advanced adenoid cystic carcinoma","volume":"119","author":"Hanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2017.08.006","article-title":"Retinoic acid controls early neurogenesis in the developing mouse cerebral cortex","volume":"430","author":"Haushalter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000000373","article-title":"Retinoic acid reduces stem cell\u2013like features in pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"44","author":"Herreros-Villanueva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4236\/abc.2015.52006","article-title":"Identification and characterization of human genomic binding sites for retinoic acid receptor\/retinoid X receptor heterodimers","volume":"5","author":"Hosoda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5619","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2013.504","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates MUC1-C oncoprotein stability","volume":"33","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.04.043","article-title":"Genomic antagonism between retinoic acid and estrogen signaling in breast cancer","volume":"137","author":"Hua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2017.1295180","article-title":"Oncogenic retinoic acid receptor \u03b3 knockdown reverses multi-drug resistance of human colorectal cancer via Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7731","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147731","article-title":"Retinoids as chemo-preventive and molecular-targeted anti-cancer therapies","volume":"22","author":"Hunsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B61","volume-title":"Dietary reference intakes: thiamin R, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline","year":"1998"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.107400","article-title":"Biochemical and physiological importance of the CYP26 retinoic acid hydroxylases","volume":"204","author":"Isoherranen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-021-00590-w","article-title":"Retinoic acid signaling is critical during the totipotency window in early mammalian development","volume":"28","author":"Iturbide","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2016.07.017","article-title":"Inhibition of ALDH1A1 activity decreases expression of drug transporters and reduces chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer cell lines","volume":"78","author":"Januchowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)00064-7","article-title":"Combinatorial roles of the nuclear receptor corepressor in transcription and development","volume":"102","author":"Jepsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203721666200203150721","article-title":"Cellular retinoic-acid binding protein 2 in solid tumor","volume":"21","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Peptide Sci."},{"key":"B67","first-page":"938","article-title":"Retinoids as anti-cancer agents and their mechanisms of action","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.05.013","article-title":"Molecular mechanism and cytotoxicity of allicin and all-trans retinoic acid against CD44+ versus CD117+ melanoma cells","volume":"48","author":"Jobani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520616666160615065000","article-title":"Retinoic acid signaling in P19 stem cell differentiation","volume":"17","author":"Kanungo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem. Former. Curr. Med. Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents)"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.1.01680","article-title":"Linking the ubiquitin\u2013proteasome pathway to chromatin remodeling\/modification by nuclear receptors","volume":"34","author":"Kinyamu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18636-w","article-title":"Phase I clinical trial repurposing all-trans retinoic acid as a stromal targeting agent for pancreatic cancer","volume":"11","author":"Kocher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33280","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M002840200","article-title":"Dimerization with retinoid X receptors and phosphorylation modulate the retinoic acid-induced degradation of retinoic acid receptors alpha and gamma through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway","volume":"275","author":"Kopf","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B73","first-page":"3344","article-title":"Ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 (troglitazone) has potent antitumor effect against human prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"58","author":"Kubota","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/00130404-200209000-00010","article-title":"A phase II study of troglitazone, an activator of the PPARgamma receptor, in patients with chemotherapy-resistant metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"8","author":"Kulke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer J."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-07634-3","volume-title":"Metabolism and epigenetic regulation: Implications in cancer","author":"Kundu","year":"2022"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.5206","article-title":"Assessment of arsenic trioxide and all-trans retinoic acid for the treatment of pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia: a report from the children\u2019s oncology group AAML1331 trial","volume":"8","author":"Kutny","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-023-00411-x","article-title":"ALDH1A1 promotes PARP inhibitor resistance by enhancing retinoic acid receptor-mediated DNA polymerase \u03b8 expression","volume":"7","author":"Lavudi","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.1.3.9364","article-title":"The use of isotretinoin in acne","volume":"1","author":"Layton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermato-endocrinology."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27989","article-title":"Sorting out the roles of PPAR alpha in energy metabolism and vascular homeostasis","volume":"116","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. investigation"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(92)90014-z","article-title":"Multiplicity generates diversity in the retinoic acid signalling pathways","volume":"17","author":"Leid","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104142","article-title":"METTL14-mediated epitranscriptome modification of MN1 mRNA promote tumorigenicity and all-trans-retinoic acid resistance in osteosarcoma","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113451","article-title":"Overview of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and its analogues: structures, activities, and mechanisms in acute promyelocytic leukaemia","volume":"220","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011845108","article-title":"Stromal retinoic acid receptor \u03b2 promotes mammary gland tumorigenesis","volume":"108","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-018-1017-7","article-title":"Anti-tumour effects of all-trans retinoid acid on serous ovarian cancer","volume":"38","author":"Lokman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30844","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9602","article-title":"Chemotherapeutics-induced Oct4 expression contributes to drug resistance and tumor recurrence in bladder cancer","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.01053","article-title":"Valproate and retinoic acid in combination with decitabine in elderly nonfit patients with acute myeloid leukemia: results of a multicenter, randomized, 2\u00d7 2, phase II trial","volume":"38","author":"L\u00fcbbert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-2739","article-title":"Inactivation of the prolyl isomerase Pin1 sensitizes BRCA1-proficient breast cancer to PARP inhibition","volume":"80","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2021.101025","article-title":"Exploitation of the vitamin A\/retinoic acid axis depletes ALDH1-positive cancer stem cells and re-sensitises resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells to cisplatin","volume":"14","author":"MacDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.034","article-title":"Machine learning identifies stemness features associated with oncogenic dedifferentiation","volume":"173","author":"Malta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90200-7","article-title":"The RXR heterodimers and orphan receptors","volume":"83","author":"Mangelsdorf","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2014.07.010","article-title":"Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 influences breast cancer progression via differential retinoic acid signaling","volume":"9","author":"Marcato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1586\/era.12.101","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"12","author":"Masetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. anticancer Ther."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-023-00467-1","article-title":"Retinoic acid receptor \u03b2 modulates mechanosensing and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells via myosin light chain 2","volume":"12","author":"Matellan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"B94","article-title":"Vitamin A","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"McEldrew","year":"2023"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25526-1","article-title":"All-trans-retinoic acid activates the pro-invasive Src-YAP-Interleukin 6 axis in triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells while cerivastatin reverses this action","volume":"8","author":"Mezquita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.04.024","article-title":"Retinoic acid is required for neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation in the adult hippocampus","volume":"10","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-016-3213-5","article-title":"Use of retinoic acid\/aldehyde dehydrogenase pathway as potential targeted therapy against cancer stem cells","volume":"79","author":"Moreb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.05.011","article-title":"Proliferation versus differentiation: redefining retinoic acid\u2019s role","volume":"10","author":"Mosher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"B99","first-page":"5558","article-title":"Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 by troglitazone inhibits cell growth through the increase of p27Kip1 in human pancreatic carcinoma cells","volume":"60","author":"Motomura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32505","article-title":"ALDH1A1 in patient\u2010derived bladder cancer spheroids activates retinoic acid signaling leading to TUBB3 overexpression and tumor progression","volume":"146","author":"Namekawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(95)00096-i","article-title":"Enzymes and binding proteins affecting retinoic acid concentrations","volume":"53","author":"Napoli","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-0945-1_2","article-title":"Functions of intracellular retinoid binding-proteins","volume":"81","author":"Napoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071528","article-title":"CRABP1 in non-canonical activities of retinoic acid in health and diseases","volume":"14","author":"Nhieu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1509201","article-title":"The success and the challenge of all-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of cancer","volume":"59","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33374","article-title":"Retinoic acid signaling and bladder cancer: epigenetic deregulation, therapy and beyond","volume":"148","author":"Ozgun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12103027","article-title":"Retinoic acid sensitivity of triple-negative breast cancer cells characterized by constitutive activation of the Notch1 pathway: the role of rar\u03b2","volume":"12","author":"Paroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddmec.2011.11.002","article-title":"Modulation of gastrointestinal inflammation and colorectal tumorigenesis by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b2\/\u03b4 (PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4)","volume":"8","author":"Peters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Dis. Mech."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11121852","article-title":"Structure and function of the nuclear receptor superfamily and current targeted therapies of prostate cancer","volume":"11","author":"Porter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404368","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/404368","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid induces proliferation, survival, and migration in A549 lung cancer cells by activating the ERK signaling pathway through a transcription-independent mechanism","volume":"2015","author":"Quintero Barceinas","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203505","article-title":"The Ets1 proto-oncogene is upregulated by retinoic acid: characterization of a functional retinoic acid response element in the Ets1 promoter","volume":"19","author":"Raouf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2018.1443330","article-title":"A phase-1 study of dasatinib plus all-trans retinoic acid in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"59","author":"Redner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia lymphoma"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-015-9755-9","article-title":"Aldehyde dehydrogenase as a marker and functional mediator of metastasis in solid tumors","volume":"33","author":"Rodriguez-Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. metastasis"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14288","article-title":"Retinoids augment thiazolidinedione PPAR\u03b3 activation in oral cancer cells","volume":"40","author":"Rosas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87064","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13500","article-title":"Tracing anti-cancer and cancer-promoting actions of all-trans retinoic acid in breast cancer to a RAR\u03b1 epigenetic mechanism of mammary epithelial cell fate","volume":"7","author":"Rossetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2014.1003746","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in human melanoma: past and future","volume":"10","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1038\/2030","article-title":"Differentiation and reversal of malignant changes in colon cancer through PPARgamma","volume":"4","author":"Sarraf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.050","article-title":"Opposing effects of retinoic acid on cell growth result from alternate activation of two different nuclear receptors","volume":"129","author":"Schug","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7546","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709981105","article-title":"Overcoming retinoic acid-resistance of mammary carcinomas by diverting retinoic acid from PPARbeta\/delta to RAR","volume":"105","author":"Schug","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20998","article-title":"Present concepts and future outlook: function of peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptors (PPARs) for pathogenesis, progression, and therapy of cancer","volume":"212","author":"Sertznig","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. physiology"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3349-9","article-title":"All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) plus oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil\/leucovorin (FOLFOX) versus FOLFOX alone as palliative chemotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and extrahepatic metastasis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39605","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17174","article-title":"Overexpression of SphK2 contributes to ATRA resistance in colon cancer through rapid degradation of cytoplasmic RXR\u03b1 by K48\/K63-linked polyubiquitination","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2010.521507","article-title":"All trans retinoic acid and cancer","volume":"33","author":"Siddikuzzaman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20493","article-title":"Rosiglitazone versus placebo for men with prostate carcinoma and a rising serum prostate\u2010specific antigen level after radical prostatectomy and\/or radiation therapy","volume":"101","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2015.04.006","article-title":"Role of retinoic acid-metabolizing cytochrome P450s, CYP26, in inflammation and cancer","volume":"74","author":"Stevison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.10.018","article-title":"Co-delivery of all-trans-retinoic acid and doxorubicin for cancer therapy with synergistic inhibition of cancer stem cells","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00385","article-title":"Retinoic acid induces embryonic stem cells (ESCs) transition to 2 cell-like state through a coordinated expression of Dux and Duxbl1","volume":"7","author":"Tagliaferri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-4054","article-title":"Clinical responsiveness to all-trans retinoic acid is potentiated by LSD1 inhibition and associated with a quiescent transcriptome in myeloid malignancies","volume":"27","author":"Tayari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. cancer Res."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1517\/17425250903032681","article-title":"The role of CYP26 enzymes in retinoic acid clearance","volume":"5","author":"Thatcher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin. drug metabolism Toxicol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.114.096784","article-title":"Induction of CYP26A1 by metabolites of retinoic acid: evidence that CYP26A1 is an important enzyme in the elimination of active retinoids","volume":"87","author":"Topletz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s002800050582","article-title":"A phase II trial of all-trans-retinoic acid in hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a clinical trial with detailed pharmacokinetic analysis","volume":"39","author":"Trump","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19519","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.556555","article-title":"Retinoic acid and histone deacetylases regulate epigenetic changes in embryonic stem cells","volume":"289","author":"Urvalek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000509119","article-title":"Principles of clinical ethics and their application to practice","volume":"30","author":"Varkey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1150609a","article-title":"The redox state of free nicotinamide\u2013adenine dinucleotide phosphate in the cytoplasm of rat liver","volume":"115","author":"Veech","year":"1969","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2016.05.013","article-title":"Retinoic acid is sufficient for the in vitro induction of mouse spermatocytes","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.12.2274","article-title":"The XPB subunit of repair\/transcription factor TFIIH directly interacts with SUG1, a subunit of the 26S proteasome and putative transcription factor","volume":"25","author":"Weeda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic acids Res."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3496","article-title":"The nuclear receptor superfamily: a structural perspective","volume":"27","author":"Weikum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-017-0590-2","article-title":"Up-regulated NRIP2 in colorectal cancer initiating cells modulates the Wnt pathway by targeting ROR\u03b2","volume":"16","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. cancer"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012312411-1\/50011-1","article-title":"Nuclear orphan receptors: the search for novel ligands and signaling pathways","volume":"1","author":"Willy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hormones Signal."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v7.i1.1","article-title":"Retinoic acid receptor beta promoter methylation and risk of cervical cancer","volume":"7","author":"Wongwarangkana","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. virology"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgv252","article-title":"EGFR\/MDM2 signaling promotes NF-\u03baB activation via PPAR\u03b3 degradation","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.129858","article-title":"Synergistic effects of RXR alpha and PPAR gamma ligands to inhibit growth in human colon cancer cells-phosphorylated RXR alpha is a critical target for colon cancer management","volume":"56","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-06818-0","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid reduces cancer stem cell-like cell-mediated resistance to gefitinib in NSCLC adenocarcinoma cells","volume":"20","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC cancer"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2007.00621.x","article-title":"Phosphorylated retinoid X receptor alpha loses its heterodimeric activity with retinoic acid receptor beta","volume":"98","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612821666150514104035","article-title":"PPAR\u03b4 signaling regulates colorectal cancer","volume":"21","author":"You","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgv018","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid downregulates ALDH1-mediated stemness and inhibits tumour formation in ovarian cancer cells","volume":"36","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12924","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12924","article-title":"ZNF300 promotes chemoresistance and aggressive behaviour in non\u2010small\u2010cell lung cancer","volume":"53","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132566","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132566","article-title":"Retinoic acid induces embryonic stem cell differentiation by altering both encoding RNA and microRNA expression","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgx035","article-title":"PPAR\u03b4 promotes tumor progression via activation of Glut1 and SLC1-A5 transcription","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1159\/000355328","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 against tumors by different signaling pathways","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Res. Treat."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2023.1254612\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T04:24:48Z","timestamp":1692073488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2023.1254612\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"references-count":149,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2023.1254612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2023.1254612","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"article-number":"1254612"}}