{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T12:51:29Z","timestamp":1785847889626,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Macrophages can exhibit pro-inflammatory or pro-reparatory functions, contingent upon their specific activation state. This dynamic behavior empowers macrophages to engage in immune reactions and contribute to tissue homeostasis. Understanding the intricate interplay between macrophage motility and activation status provides valuable insights into the complex mechanisms that govern their diverse functions. In a recent study, we developed a classification method based on morphology, which demonstrated that movement characteristics, including speed and displacement, can serve as distinguishing factors for macrophage subtypes. In this study, we develop a deep learning model to explore the potential of classifying macrophage subtypes based solely on raw trajectory patterns. The classification model relies on the time series of x-y coordinates, as well as the distance traveled and net displacement. We begin by investigating the migratory patterns of macrophages to gain a deeper understanding of their behavior. Although this analysis does not directly inform the deep learning model, it serves to highlight the intricate and distinct dynamics exhibited by different macrophage subtypes, which cannot be easily captured by a finite set of motility metrics. Our study uses cell trajectories to classify three macrophage subtypes: M0, M1, and M2. This advancement holds promising implications for the future, as it suggests the possibility of identifying macrophage subtypes without relying on shape analysis. Consequently, it could potentially eliminate the necessity for high-quality imaging techniques and provide more robust methods for analyzing inherently blurry images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1259037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T04:55:58Z","timestamp":1707281758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Deep learning classification for macrophage subtypes through cell migratory pattern analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Manasa","family":"Kesapragada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao-Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ksenia","family":"Zlobina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Recendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Fregoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Ya","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Aslankoohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rivkah","family":"Isseroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Rolandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061801","article-title":"Role of human macrophage polarization in inflammation during infectious diseases","volume":"19","author":"Atri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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