{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:13:50Z","timestamp":1762254830658,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-\u03b2) plays a critical role in regulating trophoblast invasion and proliferation. Growth differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8) is a member of the TGF-\u03b2 superfamily and is categorized as a myostatin subtype. It is primarily a secreted protein synthesized in skeletal muscle cells. It is expressed in the placenta, reproductive tissues, and cells. In this study, we investigated the role of GDF-8 in the development and hatching rate of bovine embryos. We noted a notable elevation (<jats:italic>p &amp;lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.05) in the development and hatching rates compared to the control embryos. Furthermore, the GDF-8 group showed a significantly improved total cell number (<jats:italic>p &amp;lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.05) and an increase in trophectoderm ratio inner cell mass (trophectoderm: inner cell mass) cells (<jats:italic>p &amp;lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.001) compared to the control group. Additionally, blastocysts treated with GDF-8 exhibited significantly higher mRNA levels of caudal-type homeobox 2 (<jats:italic>CDX2<\/jats:italic>) (<jats:italic>p &amp;lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.05). The trophoblast invasion area was significantly larger in the GDF-8 group than in the control group (<jats:italic>p &amp;lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.01). Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis revealed significantly higher mRNA levels (<jats:italic>p &amp;lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.05) of matrix metalloproteinases 9 (<jats:italic>MMP9<\/jats:italic>) and follistatin-like 3(<jats:italic>FSTL3<\/jats:italic>), both of which are associated with the ALK5-SMAD2\/3 signaling pathway, in the GDF-8 group than those in the control group. The mRNA expression levels of genes related to tight junctions (TJ) and adherent junctions were higher in the GDF-8 group than those in the control group (<jats:italic>p &amp;lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.05). After 24\u00a0h of thawing, blastocysts were analyzed using 4-kDa FITC-dextran, which revealed a higher TJ integrity in the GDF-8 group (<jats:italic>p &amp;lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.01). Thus, GDF-8 plays a crucial role in bovine embryonic development, <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> implantation, and cryotolerance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1345669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T05:02:26Z","timestamp":1710997346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["GDF-8 improves in vitro implantation and cryo-tolerance by stimulating the ALK5-SMAD2\/3 signaling in bovine IVF embryo development"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Seon-Min","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Idrees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chalani Dilshani","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seo-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianfeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongxun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Il-Keun","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz186","article-title":"Regulation of placentation by the transforming growth factor beta superfamily","volume":"102","author":"Adu-Gyamfi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. 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