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Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is one of the neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by complex pathogenic mechanisms, including the deposition of beta-amyloid protein and hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein. There is currently a lack of effective therapeutic approaches for AD treatment. The aim of this study was to design exosomes (EXO) as a specifically designed carrier able to carry Curcumin (Cur) and Methylene Blue (MB) to improve cognitive function and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Our study results indicated that EXO-Cur+MB inhibited Tau protein phosphorylation by activating the AKT\/GSK-3\u03b2 pathway, while reversing cognitive dysfunction in AD mice by reducing apoptosis induced by okadaic acid (OA). Thus, our results suggested that EXO-Cur+MB would be of potential use for the treatment of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1562565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T05:43:30Z","timestamp":1742795010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Exosome-mediated dual drug delivery of curcumin and methylene blue for enhanced cognitive function and mechanistic elucidation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease therapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dongxin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuofen","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingshang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xibing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.04.031","article-title":"Probing the biology of Alzheimer's disease in mice","volume":"66","author":"Ashe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-9610com","article-title":"Methylene blue delays cellular senescence and enhances key mitochondrial biochemical pathways","volume":"22","author":"Atamna","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2018.10.009","article-title":"The Alzheimer's disease clinical spectrum: diagnosis and management","volume":"103","author":"Atri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. 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