{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T22:02:48Z","timestamp":1770156168576,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondrial dysfunction causes an increase in oxidative stress and depletion in ATP production. Studies have shown that mitochonic acid 5 (MA-5) improves cellular mitochondrial metabolism and ATP production. To this end, varying concentrations of MA-5 (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 nM) were added to a BTS extender, and thereafter, sperm motility and morphological parameters were assessed. Results indicate that adding 1 nM MA-5 significantly enhanced boar sperm motility and progressive motility, with higher values observed at the 1- and 2-h time points compared to the control. Sperm membrane and acrosome integrity values between the control and treatment groups were not different, except for 10 nM MA-5, which caused a reduction in membrane integrity. Treatment with MA-5, specifically 1 nM MA-5, also significantly boosted mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content at the 2-h incubation point. In addition, MA-5 treatments stabilized mitochondrial transcription and translation processes, maintained overall sperm functionality, increased NADPH dehydrogenase subunits 1 (MT-ND1) and NADPH dehydrogenase subunits 6 (MT-ND6) protein and gene expression, and affected mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) levels. However, after 4 h of incubation with MA-5, a decline in sperm quality parameters and an increase in ROS levels were observed. Interestingly, adding 10 nM pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and MA-5 to the extender restored mitochondrial function by enhancing mitochondrial potential and ATP content after 4 h of incubation. Overall, treatment with 1 nM MA-5 can help maintain sperm quality and mitochondrial metabolism during incubation (up to 2 h) at 37<jats:sup>o<\/jats:sup>C. Moreover, addition of a combination of MA-5 and 10 nM PQQ to the boar sperm extender is crucial for maintaining high-quality reproduction after 4 h of incubation. Consequently, MA-5 and PQQ play a role in maintaining sperm quality and mitochondrial function and can help in boar sperm preservation and artificial insemination (AI) practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1583951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T05:23:26Z","timestamp":1750051406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mitochonic acid 5 increases boar sperm quality by mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ruyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adedeji O.","family":"Adetunji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingjiang","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhendong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22871","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species as mediators of sperm capacitation and pathological damage","volume":"84","author":"Aitken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. 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