{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T17:21:43Z","timestamp":1772126503586,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skeletal muscles are characterized by a significant ability to regenerate in response to injury. However, muscle repair is often inefficient and hindered by the development of fibrosis. The course of muscle repair is related to the type of skeletal muscle, i.e., fast- versus slow-twitch, and is controlled by various factors. Among them are TGF\u03b21 and two MMPs, i.e., MMP-2 and MMP-9 gelatinases that play a key role in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Although the role of TGF\u03b21 in the regulation of ECM protein synthesis is well established, its involvement in the regulation of enzymes, such as MMPs, is still not well understood. In this study, we investigated the relationship between TGF\u03b21 and MMP-9\/MMP-2 in <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> differentiating myoblasts isolated from rat slow-twitch Soleus or fast-twitch Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscles. We hypothesized that differences in the regulation of MMPs contribute to the varying repair efficiencies between muscle types.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using siRNA to silence T\u03b2R1 expression, suramin as a competitive inhibitor of the T\u03b2R1 receptor, and inhibitors of both the canonical and non-canonical TGF\u03b2 signaling pathways, we characterized the role of TGF\u03b21 in regulating MMP-9 and MMP-2 during differentiation of myoblasts derived from slow-twitch Soleus and fast-twitch EDL muscles <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results demonstrated that blocking TGF\u03b21 signaling pathway significantly improved regeneration in slow-twitch Soleus muscle, altered the activity of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> differentiating myoblasts, and Soleus and EDL-derived myoblasts differ in their response to inhibition of TGF\u03b2-dependent signaling pathways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1592512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T05:37:24Z","timestamp":1749015444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Differential regulation of MMP activity by TGF\u03b21 in fast- and slow- twitch muscle repair: insights from EDL and soleus muscle-derived myoblasts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Paulina","family":"Kasprzycka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Anna","family":"Ciemerych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Zimowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.07.023","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases in skeletal muscles: friends or foes?","volume":"48","author":"Alameddine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. 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