{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:03:29Z","timestamp":1791475409870,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intricate interactions between bone and muscle are central to musculoskeletal health. It was historically assumed that bone and muscle interact through mechanical coupling, that is, skeletal muscles attach to bone and facilitate movement of the bone via muscular contraction. However, recent studies have recognized bone and muscle as endocrine organs, capable of producing and releasing osteokines and extracellular vesicles (EVs) that influence each other\u2019s functions, thereby introducing a novel concept known as \u201cbone-muscle crosstalk\u201d. The influence of muscle on bone has been extensively studied, little has reported regarding the muscle regulation by bone. Emerging studies indicate that the transmission of signaling molecules from bone to muscle is partially mediated by hemichannels and gap junctions formed by connexin 43 (Cx43) in osteoblasts and osteocytes. This review aims to summarize the latest findings on bone-muscle crosstalk, with a particular emphasis on the roles of osteokines and EVs derived from bone. Furthermore, it highlights the channel functions of Cx43 in the release of secretory factors through this crosstalk mechanism. The continued research into bone\u2013muscle crosstalk is expected to identify new therapeutic targets for the twin diseases of osteoporosis and sarcopenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1715009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:24:32Z","timestamp":1762496672000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Molecular communication from bone to skeletal muscle: an overview"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Guobin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyan","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50444-1","article-title":"Age- and sex-dependent role of osteocytic pannexin1 on bone and muscle mass and strength","volume":"9","author":"Aguilar-Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3923","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.507343","article-title":"miR-186 inhibits muscle cell differentiation through my-ogenin regulation","volume":"289","author":"Antoniou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E594","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00343.2017","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 23 does not directly influence skeletal muscle cell proliferation and differentiation or ex vivo muscle contractility","volume":"315","author":"Avin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol-Endoc M."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041178","article-title":"Bone control of muscle function","volume":"21","author":"Battafarano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.08.005","article-title":"Estimation of bone permeability using accurate microstructural measurements","volume":"39","author":"Beno","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.548","article-title":"Cell autonomous requirement of connexin 43 for osteocyte survival: consequences for endocortical resorption and periosteal bone formation","volume":"27","author":"Bivi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3896","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-131870","article-title":"Inducible activation of Akt increases skeletal muscle mass and force without satellite cell activation","volume":"23","author":"Blaauw","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.11.002","article-title":"Use it or lose it to age: a review of bone and muscle communication","volume":"120","author":"Bonewald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI125915","article-title":"RANKL inhibition improves muscle strength and insulin sensitivity and restores bone mass","volume":"129","author":"Bonnet","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2021-0399","article-title":"Nanoscale ligand density modulates gap junction intercellular communication of cell condensates during chondrogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Casanellas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomedicine (Lond)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7902046","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7902046","article-title":"Serum sclerostin and its association with bone turnover marker in metabolic bone diseases","volume":"2022","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2022.116631","article-title":"High resolution intravital photoacoustic microscopy reveals VEGF-induced bone regeneration in mouse tibia","volume":"167","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8836","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.63396","article-title":"Role of prostaglandin E2 in tissue repair and regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI133572","article-title":"Muscle-derived interleukin 6 increases exercise capacity by signaling in osteoblasts","volume":"130","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2020","article-title":"The osteocyte as a signaling cell","volume":"102","author":"Delgado-Calle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2022.0421","article-title":"Connexin43 in musculoskeletal system: new targets for development and disease progression","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-024-00540-9","article-title":"Bone-organ axes: bidirectional crosstalk","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05331-y","article-title":"Bone-muscle crosstalk under physiological and pathological conditions","volume":"81","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2016.07.010","article-title":"miR-106b-5p and miR-17-5p suppress osteogenic differentiation by targeting smad5 and inhibit bone formation","volume":"347","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46122","article-title":"FGF23 induces left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"121","author":"Faul","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1905","article-title":"Loss of dmp1 causes rickets and osteomalacia and identifies a role for osteocytes in mineral metabolism","volume":"38","author":"Feng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107262","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107262","article-title":"Pathway analysis of microRNA expression profile during murine osteoclastogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Franceschetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108121","article-title":"miR-221-3p and miR-222-3p downregulation promoted osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchyme stem cells through IGF-1\/Erk pathway under high glucose condition","volume":"167","author":"Gan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. P. R."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.686626","article-title":"Deletion of MBTPS1 (pcsk8, s1p, ski-1) gene in osteocytes stimulates soleus muscle regeneration and increased size and contractile force with age","volume":"291","author":"Gorski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-024-00890-2","article-title":"Extra-osseous roles of the RANK-RANKL-OPG axis with a focus on skeletal muscle","volume":"22","author":"Gostage","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz312","article-title":"Muscle weakness and selective muscle atrophy in osteoprotegerin-deficient mice","volume":"29","author":"Hamoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02313-9","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in treating human diseases: molecular mechanisms and clinical studies","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Tar"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585644","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.585644","article-title":"Bone and muscle crosstalk in aging","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00167","article-title":"Circulating MicroRNAs in plasma decrease in response to sarcopenia in the elderly","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-025-00424-1","article-title":"Bone-derived factors mediate crosstalk between skeletal and extra-skeletal organs","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e125543","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.125543","article-title":"Sclerostin inhibition alleviates breast cancer\u2013induced bone metastases and muscle weakness","volume":"4","author":"Hesse","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI insight"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6675","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705420114","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 is essential for efficacious skeletal muscle stem-cell function, augmenting regeneration and strength","volume":"114","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10015","article-title":"Crosstalk between MLO-Y4 osteocytes and C2C12 muscle cells is mediated by the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"1","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4088","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.69816","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in bone homeostasis: emerging mediators of osteoimmune interactions and promising therapeutic targets","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275833","article-title":"Alterations in the muscle force transfer apparatus in aged rats during unloading and reloading: impact of microRNA-31","volume":"596","author":"Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physio"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.22203\/ecm.v024a14","article-title":"Skeletal muscle secreted factors prevent glucocorticoid-induced osteocyte apoptosis through activation of \u03b2-catenin","volume":"24","author":"J\u00e4hn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Cells Mater"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i18.1345","article-title":"Osteocalcin as a hormone regulating glucose metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.043","article-title":"Bone and muscle endocrine functions: unexpected paradigms of inter-organ communication","volume":"164","author":"Karsenty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1060","article-title":"Sclerostin and dickkopf-1 as therapeutic targets in bone diseases","volume":"33","author":"Ke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E11238","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1707876115","article-title":"Sclerostin influences body composition by regulating catabolic and anabolic metabolism in adipocytes","volume":"114","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12567","article-title":"Osteosarcopenia: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment\u2014facts and numbers","volume":"11","author":"Kirk","year":"","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopeni"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-020-00599-y","article-title":"Muscle, bone, and fat crosstalk: the biological role of myokines, osteokines, and adipokines","volume":"18","author":"Kirk","year":"","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-025-01088-x","article-title":"Bone and muscle crosstalk in ageing and disease","volume":"21","author":"Kirk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.168","article-title":"Mechanical induction of PGE2 in osteocytes blocks glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis through both the beta-catenin and PKA pathways","volume":"25","author":"Kitase","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/16852","article-title":"Opgl is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis","volume":"397","author":"Kong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-4598(199707)20:7<815::aid-mus5>3.0.co;2-a","article-title":"The role of leukemia inhibitory factor in skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"20","author":"Kurek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.06.002","article-title":"Imaging and quantifying solute transport across periosteum: implications for muscle-bone crosstalk","volume":"66","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0463","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines inhibit myogenic differentiation through activation of nuclear factor-kappaB","volume":"15","author":"Langen","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-020-00602-6","article-title":"Bone-muscle mutual interactions","volume":"18","author":"Lara-Castillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.05.047","article-title":"Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.5483\/bmbrep.2017.50.4.165","article-title":"miR-374 promotes myocardial hypertrophy by negatively regulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 signaling","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020237","article-title":"Osteocytic connexin43 channels regulate bone-muscle crosstalk","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13506","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113506","article-title":"Connexin 43 channels in osteocytes are necessary for bone mass and skeletal muscle function in aged male mice","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1159\/000481752","article-title":"Osteocalcin induces proliferation via positive activation of the PI3K\/AKT, p38 MAPK pathways and promotes differentiation through activation of the GPRC6a-Erk1\/2 pathway in C2C12 myoblast cells","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-018-0070-2","article-title":"Circulating apoptotic bodies maintain mes-enchymal stem cell homeostasis and ameliorate osteopenia via transferring multiple cellular factors","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-017-0210-x","article-title":"miR-221 modulates skeletal muscle satellite cells proliferation and differentiation","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vitro Cell Dev-Anl"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-024-00334-8","article-title":"Pannexins in the musculoskeletal system: new targets for development and disease progression","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.10.013","article-title":"Skeletal muscle-derived extracellular vesicles transport glycolytic enzymes to mediate muscle-to-bone crosstalk","volume":"35","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.003","article-title":"Osteocalcin signaling in myofibers is necessary and sufficient for optimum adaptation to exercise","volume":"23","author":"Mera","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.07.002","article-title":"Osteocalcin is necessary and sufficient to maintain muscle mass in older mice","volume":"5","author":"Mera","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2174\/1872208311206030223","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 from clinical applications to its potential role in bone-muscle crosstalk and myogenic differentiation","volume":"6","author":"Mo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Biotechno"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2015.1026520","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 promotes proliferation of skeletal muscle myoblasts via EP4 receptor activation","volume":"14","author":"Mo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell cycle"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2922","article-title":"Concise review: intercellular communication via organelle transfer in the biology and therapeutic applications of stem cells","volume":"37","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem cells"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabc8059","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8059","article-title":"Inhibition of prostaglandin-degrading enzyme 15-PGDH rejuvenates aged muscle mass and strength","volume":"371","author":"Palla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.14670\/HH-28.1185","article-title":"RANKL is downregulated in bone cells by physical activity (treadmill and vibration stimulation training) in rat with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis","volume":"28","author":"Pichler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080617","article-title":"Connexin 43 is required for the anti-apoptotic effect of bisphosphonates on osteocytes and osteoblasts in vivo","volume":"23","author":"Plotkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0374-z","article-title":"Connexins and pannexins in bone and skeletal muscle","volume":"15","author":"Plotkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-019-00537-7","article-title":"Exosomes and extracellular RNA in muscle and bone aging and crosstalk","volume":"17","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2016.56","article-title":"MicroRNA-17-92 regulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation by targeting the ENH1\/Id1 signaling axis","volume":"23","author":"Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0344-5","article-title":"The role of TGF\u03b2 in bone-muscle crosstalk","volume":"15","author":"Regan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18399","article-title":"FGF-23 in fibrous dysplasia of bone and its relationship to renal phosphate wasting","volume":"112","author":"Riminucci","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.06.002","article-title":"TGF\u03b2 and BMP signaling in skeletal muscle: potential significance for muscle-related disease","volume":"25","author":"Sartori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Endocrin Met."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37512","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037512","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells stimulate skeletal myoblast proliferation through the paracrine release of VEGF","volume":"7","author":"Sassoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.01.086","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor-23 induces cellular senescence in human mesenchymal stem cells from skeletal muscle","volume":"470","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"BBRC"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2044-5040-1-4","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle growth by the IGF1-AKT\/PKB pathway: insights from genetic models","volume":"1","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Skelet. muscle"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023999118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2023999118","article-title":"Disrupted osteocyte connectivity and pericellular fluid flow in bone with aging and defective TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"118","author":"Schurman","year":"2021","journal-title":"P Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2389","article-title":"Deletion of connexin43 in osteoblasts\/osteocytes leads to impaired muscle formation in mice","volume":"30","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI19081","article-title":"Targeted ablation of FGF23 demonstrates an essential physiological role of FGF23 in phosphate and vitamin D metabolism","volume":"113","author":"Shimada","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10121656","article-title":"Cx43 and the actin cytoskeleton: novel roles and implications for cell-cell junction-based barrier function regulation","volume":"10","author":"Strauss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn032","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b2-regulated miR-24 promotes skeletal muscle differentiation","volume":"36","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"Van Niel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Bio"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00173","article-title":"Skeletal muscle, but not cardiovascular function, is altered in a mouse model of autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets","volume":"7","author":"Wacker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11911","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505193102","article-title":"In situ measurement of solute transport in the bone lacunar-canalicular system","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-022-00190-4","article-title":"Mechanical regulation of bone remodeling","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-1590","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of bone metastasis and associated muscle weakness","volume":"20","author":"Waning","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3961","article-title":"Excess TGF-\u03b2 mediates muscle weakness associated with bone metastases in mice","volume":"21","author":"Waning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2025.112039","article-title":"Aging: a struggle for beneficial to overcome negative factors made by muscle and bone","volume":"224","author":"Welc","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31085","article-title":"Quantification of various growth factors in different demineralized bone matrix preparations","volume":"81","author":"Wildemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater Res. A"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201211134","article-title":"The bone morphogenetic protein axis is a positive regulator of skeletal muscle mass","volume":"203","author":"Winbanks","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2017.02.007","article-title":"Osteocyte secreted factors inhibit skeletal muscle differentiation","volume":"6","author":"Wood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.01.108","article-title":"MicroRNA-365 accelerates cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting autophagy via the modulation of Skp2 expression","volume":"484","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Bioph Res. Co."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2023.08.011","article-title":"Analysis of the function and therapeutic strategy of connexin 43 from its subcellular localization","volume":"218","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2374","article-title":"Connexin 43 channels are essential for normal bone structure and osteocyte viability","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12794","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12794","article-title":"Micro RNA-31a-5p from aging BMSCs links bone formation and resorption in the aged bone marrow microenvironment","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging cell"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C432","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00172.2020","article-title":"MicroRNA-99b-5p downregulates protein synthesis in human primary myotubes","volume":"319","author":"Zacharewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol-Cell P. H."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308408","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1308408","article-title":"Novel insights into osteocyte and inter-organ\/tissue crosstalk","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2412144122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2412144122","article-title":"Osteocyte connexin hemichannels and prostaglandin E2 release dictate bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell commitment","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"P Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1432-5","article-title":"miR-15b and miR-322 inhibit setd3 expression to repress muscle cell differentiation","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74365","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.74365","article-title":"Connexin hemichannels with prostaglandin release in anabolic function of bone to mechanical loading","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v048a07","article-title":"Muscle-bone crosstalk: involvement of myokines in the regulation of osteoporosis","volume":"48","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Cells Mater"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-015-0281-0","article-title":"Muscle-bone crosstalk in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.46436","article-title":"Application of mesenchymal stem cell therapy for aging frailty: from mechanisms to therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2025.1715009\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:24:33Z","timestamp":1762496673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2025.1715009\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2025.1715009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2025.1715009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"article-number":"1715009"}}