{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:44:33Z","timestamp":1790318673698,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017594","name":"Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Atherosclerosis (AS) is the primary pathological basis for the disability and mortality rates of global cardiovascular diseases. Its core characteristics are abnormal deposition of blood vessel wall lipids, chronic inflammatory activation, and vascular structural remodeling, which ultimately lead to acute cardiovascular and cerebral vascular events such as coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction. Existing treatment methods, such as statins and interventional interventions, can only delay disease progression and cannot reverse the pathological damage to blood vessels that has already occurred. Stem cells provide a novel strategy for the targeted therapy of AS due to their multi-directional differentiation potential, immune regulatory ability, and tissue repair properties. This review systematically reviews the research progress of stem cells in the treatment of AS in recent years, focusing on the mechanism of the main cell types such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), including regulating lipid metabolism, inhibiting inflammatory reaction, repairing vascular endothelium, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaque. This study summarizes the key evidence from animal experiments and clinical trials in 2023\u20132025; analyzes core challenges such as low homing efficiency, short survival time, and the risk of immune rejection of stem cells; and proposes optimization strategies such as gene modification, biomaterial carriers, and combination therapy. Finally, the application prospects of single-cell sequencing, organoid models, and precision delivery systems in promoting the clinical translation of stem cells are discussed, with specific implementation paths being supplemented: single-cell sequencing can analyze the heterogeneity of stem cells in the AS lesion microenvironment (e.g., subtype differentiation differences of MSCs under hypoxic conditions) to screen high-activity stem cell subpopulations; vascular organoids constructed from patient-derived iPSCs can simulate the\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    lipid deposition-inflammatory microenvironment to evaluate stem cell therapeutic effects; and precision delivery systems can enhance lesion targeting via ligand modification (e.g., anti-VCAM-1 antibody-modified PLGA carriers), thus providing theoretical basis and research directions for the disease modification therapy of AS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1722416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T06:27:48Z","timestamp":1767335268000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Research progress of stem cells in the treatment of atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Peifei","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjie","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_1001_22","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism, serum lipids, and risk of superficial fungal infections in Egyptian patients - a preliminary case-controlled study","volume":"68","author":"Amany","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X636984","article-title":"Interaction between adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and regulatory T-cells","volume":"22","author":"Anja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2019.12.009","article-title":"Nitric oxide and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"36","author":"Anthony","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care Clin."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091413","article-title":"The role of mesenchymal stem cells in atherosclerosis: prospects for therapy via the modulation of inflammatory milieu","volume":"8","author":"Armita","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.06.012","article-title":"Translational research in culture: AADAC, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"27","author":"Ashish","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2012.127","article-title":"Overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in arteries infused with helper-dependent adenovirus","volume":"23","author":"Bo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14925","article-title":"NAD(P)HX epimerase downregulation promotes tumor progression through ROS\/HIF-1\u03b1 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"112","author":"Bo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.02.006","article-title":"How safe are universal pluripotent stem cells?","volume":"26","author":"Bryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2022.1208","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: the involvement of immunity, cytokines and cells in pathogenesis, and potential novel therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03247-1","article-title":"Retraction note: GDF11 enhances therapeutic functions of mesenchymal stem cells for angiogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Chi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02519-y","article-title":"GDF11 enhances therapeutic functions of mesenchymal stem cells for angiogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Chi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023651","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1023651","article-title":"Oxidized low-density lipoprotein associates with cardiovascular disease by a vicious cycle of atherosclerosis and inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Christin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12020211","article-title":"Recognizing the differentiation degree of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium cells using machine learning and deep learning-based approaches","volume":"12","author":"Chung-Yueh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-015-0179-8","article-title":"Biomaterials as carrier, barrier and reactor for cell-based regenerative medicine","volume":"6","author":"Chunxiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8376","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098376","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide and oxygen homeostasis in atherosclerosis: a systematic review from molecular biology to therapeutic perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Constantin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2025-003301","article-title":"Muhammad farhan AR: safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse events, infarct size and LV ejection fraction assessed by CMRI","volume":"12","author":"Dede","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Impact of pharmacists in therapeutic optimization relative to the 2020 American diabetes association standards of medical care in diabetes guidelines in patients with clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"81","author":"Donald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hawaii J. Health Soc. Welf."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7059289","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/7059289","article-title":"The role of mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes in tumor development and targeted antitumor therapies","volume":"2023","author":"Enguang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071002","article-title":"Physical exercise and cardiac repair: the potential role of nitric oxide in boosting stem cell regenerative biology","volume":"10","author":"Fabiola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.01.033","article-title":"Bat crazy iPSCs","volume":"186","author":"Fathima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021754","article-title":"Playing with biophysics: how a symphony of different electromagnetic fields acts to reduce the inflammation in diabetic derived cells","volume":"24","author":"Federica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B22","article-title":"Prevascularized mesenchymal stem cell-sheets increase survival of random skin flaps in a nude mouse model","volume":"11","author":"Fei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2023.04.020","article-title":"The miR-148\/152 family contributes to angiogenesis of human pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells by inhibiting MEOX2","volume":"32","author":"Fengyue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.2741\/4055","article-title":"Endothelial progenitor cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Fuyong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.027","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae hijacks a host autoregulatory IL-1\u03b2 loop to drive foam cell formation and accelerate atherosclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Gantsetseg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12030509","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells \u201cThink\u201d globally, but act locally","volume":"12","author":"G\u00fcnther","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04334-1","article-title":"Stem cell therapy: a revolutionary cure or a pandora's box","volume":"16","author":"Hany","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.90315","article-title":"LncRNA HOTAIR inhibits miR-19a-3p to alleviate foam cell formation and inflammatory response in atherosclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Heming","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2022.12.014","article-title":"A phenotypic screen of Marfan syndrome iPSC-derived vascular smooth muscle cells uncovers GSK3\u03b2 as a new target","volume":"18","author":"Hongorzul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14884","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i40.14884","article-title":"Targeted migration of mesenchymal stem cells modified with CXCR4 to acute failing liver improves liver regeneration","volume":"20","author":"Hu-Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652647","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.652647","article-title":"Inflammation-mediated angiogenesis in ischemic stroke","volume":"15","author":"Hua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6364","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176364","article-title":"Prediction power on cardiovascular disease of neuroimmune guidance cues expression by peripheral blood monocytes determined by machine-learning methods","volume":"21","author":"Huayu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102633","article-title":"Enhanced thrombospondin-1 causes dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells derived from fabry disease-induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"52","author":"Hyo-Sang","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-023-01423-x","article-title":"Hypomethylation in MTNR1B: a novel epigenetic marker for atherosclerosis profiling using stenosis radiophenotype and blood inflammatory cells","volume":"15","author":"Jee Yeon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-2-8","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells avoid allogeneic rejection","volume":"2","author":"Jennifer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. (Lond)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146991","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1146991","article-title":"How to maximize the therapeutic effect of exosomes on skin wounds in diabetes mellitus: review and discussion","volume":"14","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32728","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032728","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of inclisiran in hyperlipidemia treatment: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"102","author":"Jiayi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Baltim."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.02.002","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells for corneal transplantation: literature review and suggestions for successful clinical trials","volume":"20","author":"Joo Youn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.15283\/ijsc22171","article-title":"Transition substitution of desired bases in human pluripotent stem cells with base editors: a step-by-step guide","volume":"16","author":"Ju-Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04554-5","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of hypoimmunogenic universal human iPSC-derived endothelial cells in a humanized mouse model of peripheral artery disease","volume":"16","author":"Jungju","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-025-01422-3","article-title":"Generation of hypoimmunogenic universal iPS cells through HLA-type gene knockout","volume":"57","author":"Juryun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12020154","article-title":"Cardiomyocytes in hypoxia: cellular responses and implications for cell-based cardiac regenerative therapies","volume":"12","author":"Kiera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioeng. (Basel)"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20417314221088509","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314221088509","article-title":"Recent advance in treatment of atherosclerosis: key targets and plaque-positioned delivery strategies","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.12.017","article-title":"Inflammation, aging, and cardiovascular disease: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"79","author":"Luca","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17091169","article-title":"Cracking the blood-brain barrier code: rational nanomaterial design for next-generation neurological therapies","volume":"17","author":"Lucio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2018.04.048","article-title":"Stem cell therapies in cardiovascular disease","volume":"33","author":"Maia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17040456","article-title":"Advances in drug delivery integrated with regenerative medicine: innovations, challenges, and future frontiers","volume":"17","author":"Manoochehr","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.77597","article-title":"Xeno-free cultured mesenchymal stromal cells release extracellular vesicles with a \u201ctherapeutic\u201d miRNA cargo ameliorating cartilage inflammation in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Maria Elisabetta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01873-0","article-title":"Exploring the promising potential of induced pluripotent stem cells in cancer research and therapy","volume":"22","author":"Matin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14081555","article-title":"Electrospun biodegradable \u03b1-Amino acid-substituted poly(organophosphazene) fiber mats for stem cell differentiation towards vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"14","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. (Basel)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2024.08.004","article-title":"SeqVerify: an accessible analysis tool for cell line genomic integrity, contamination, and gene editing outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Merrick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.01.024","article-title":"Correction of a urea cycle defect after ex vivo gene editing of human hepatocytes","volume":"29","author":"Mihaela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v16.i3.257","article-title":"Long-term outcome of stem cell transplantation with and without anti-tumor necrotic factor therapy in perianal fistula with Crohn's disease","volume":"16","author":"Min Young","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12020242","article-title":"The roles of bone marrow-derived stem cells in coronary collateral growth induced by repetitive ischemia","volume":"12","author":"Molly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa118","article-title":"Ex vivo Ikk\u03b2 ablation rescues the immunopotency of mesenchymal stromal cells from diabetics with advanced atherosclerosis","volume":"117","author":"Ozge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863x15612148","article-title":"Phase I study of multi-gene cell therapy in patients with peripheral artery disease","volume":"21","author":"P Michael","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13112542","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in multiple myeloma: their role as active contributors to myeloma progression","volume":"13","author":"Patricia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01626","article-title":"Anti-donor immune responses elicited by allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles: are we still learning?","volume":"8","author":"Paul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.66472","article-title":"MMP-10 from M1 macrophages promotes pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Pei-Ling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977490","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.977490","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing in atherosclerosis: mechanism and precision medicine","volume":"13","author":"Qiaoyu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i35.10765","article-title":"Application of vascular endothelial cells in stem cell medicine","volume":"9","author":"Qing-Qing","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03803-8","article-title":"Cancer-secreted exosomal miR-21-5p induces angiogenesis and vascular permeability by targeting KRIT1","volume":"12","author":"Qinglian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630231","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.630231","article-title":"Cross-sectional survey of clinical trials of stem cell therapy for heart disease registered at clinicalTrials.gov","volume":"8","author":"Rong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02788-0","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 promoted exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells to attenuate colitis via miR-125a and miR-125b","volume":"11","author":"Ruili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2454168","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2454168","article-title":"Umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells for cartilage regeneration applications","volume":"2022","author":"Russo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2025.101011","article-title":"Carotid intima-media thickness, cardiovascular disease, and risk factors in 29,000 UK Biobank adults","volume":"22","author":"Sayan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010074","article-title":"Generation of functional vascular endothelial cells and pericytes from keratinocyte derived human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Selin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70000","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.70000","article-title":"Stem cell therapies in the clinic","volume":"10","author":"Shrinivas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2021.05.003","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes in cardiac regeneration and repair","volume":"16","author":"Si-Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1562","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00221.2010","article-title":"Hypoxic preconditioning induces the expression of prosurvival and proangiogenic markers in mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"299","author":"Simi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2020.07.021","article-title":"A single metabolite which modulates lipid metabolism alters hematopoietic stem\/progenitor cell behavior and promotes lymphoid reconstitution","volume":"15","author":"Sonja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76770","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.76770","article-title":"Assessing the potential benefits of stem cell therapy in cardiac regeneration for patients with ischemic heart disease","volume":"17","author":"Syed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146399","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1146399","article-title":"Cellular heterogeneity and stem cells of vascular endothelial cells in blood vessel formation and homeostasis: insights from single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"11","author":"Taku","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5414","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115414","article-title":"Therapeutic potential and mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells in coronary artery disease: narrative review","volume":"26","author":"Tejas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-35965-8","article-title":"Epithelial disruption drives mesendoderm differentiation in human pluripotent stem cells by enabling TGF-\u03b2 protein sensing","volume":"14","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v15.i4.150","article-title":"Current status and prospects of basic research and clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Tian-Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.156114","article-title":"Stanniocalcin-1 secreted by human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells regulates interleukin-10 expression via the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway in alveolar macrophages","volume":"162","author":"Ting-Ting","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147699","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1147699","article-title":"Targeting macrophages in atherosclerosis using nanocarriers loaded with liver X receptor agonists: a narrow review","volume":"10","author":"Tong-Mei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052663","article-title":"The role of endothelial progenitor cells in atherosclerosis and impact of anti-lipemic treatments on endothelial repair","volume":"23","author":"Velimir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8422","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168422","article-title":"Harnessing the potential of CRISPR\/Cas in atherosclerosis: disease modeling and therapeutic applications","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06497-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and SLE: endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis","volume":"42","author":"Wojciech","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04140-4","article-title":"MiR-146a rs2910164 (G\/C) polymorphism is associated with the development and prognosis of acute coronary syndromes: an observational study including case control and validation cohort","volume":"21","author":"Xiang-Rui","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203857","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of age-related metabolomics and transcriptomics reveals metabolic alterations in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-022-04544-8","article-title":"EndMT-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a new therapeutic target to atherosclerosis treatment","volume":"478","author":"Xiaofan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i35.10765","article-title":"Endothelial progenitor cells in the host defense response","volume":"241","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.galenos.2023.2023-10-60","article-title":"SOCS3, transcriptionally activated by NR4A1, induces apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation of vaginal fibroblasts in pelvic organ prolapse","volume":"41","author":"Xin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Balk. Med. J."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v16.i12.1062","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in atherosclerosis: a bibliometric and visual analysis","volume":"16","author":"Xing","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-023-00330-2","article-title":"Therapeutic angiogenesis and tissue revascularization in ischemic vascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Xinyue","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123685","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123685","article-title":"TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling contributes to chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-\/- mice","volume":"10","author":"Ya","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358769","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1358769","article-title":"Editorial: pathophysiology, treatment and rehabilitation of atherosclerosis-related diseases in geriatric population","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2501051","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202501051","article-title":"High-strength gelatin hydrogel scaffold with drug loading remodels the inflammatory microenvironment to enhance osteoporotic bone repair","volume":"37","author":"Yangguang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-020-00698-z","article-title":"Siglec-E retards atherosclerosis by inhibiting CD36-mediated foam cell formation","volume":"28","author":"Yaw-Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9911982","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9911982","article-title":"LncRNA-XIST promotes proliferation and migration in ox-LDL stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells through miR-539-5p\/SPP1 axis","volume":"2022","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8873383","article-title":"HLA DR genome editing with TALENs in human iPSCs produced immune-tolerant dendritic cells","volume":"2021","author":"Yoo-Wook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2014.07.003","article-title":"The developmental potential of iPSCs is greatly influenced by reprogramming factor selection","volume":"15","author":"Yosef","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573550","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.573550","article-title":"TLR4 response to LPS is reinforced by urokinase receptor","volume":"11","author":"Yulia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10308","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210308","article-title":"Target and cell therapy for atherosclerosis and CVD","volume":"24","author":"Yuliya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2016.0610","article-title":"Relationship of circulating CXCR4(+) EPC with prognosis of mild traumatic brain injury patients","volume":"8","author":"Yunpeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01508-6","article-title":"Comparison of cardiovascular outcomes between SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Yuta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472103","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1472103","article-title":"Stem cells and bio scaffolds for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: new insights","volume":"12","author":"Zahra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6714765","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6714765","article-title":"CXCR4(+) sorted adipose-derived stem cells enhance their functional benefits and improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction","volume":"2022","author":"Zihui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03301-y","article-title":"Efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in rodent models of radiation-induced xerostomia and oral mucositis: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Zirui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020321","article-title":"The role of microsphere structures in Bottom-Up bone tissue engineering","volume":"15","author":"Ziyi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2025.1722416\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T06:27:50Z","timestamp":1767335270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2025.1722416\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2025.1722416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2025.1722416","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"article-number":"1722416"}}