{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T08:39:52Z","timestamp":1771922392887,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasma cell mastitis (PCM), also termed ductal dilatation or periductal mastitis (PDM), is a benign, non-bacterial inflammatory breast disorder predominantly affecting non-lactating women. Its incidence continues to rise, yet diagnosis and therapeutic approaches remain under development. Consequently, elucidating the pathogenesis is essential for identifying the disease\u2019s root cause and facilitating breakthroughs. PCM is increasingly regarded as an autoimmune disorder, highlighting the crucial role of immune factors in its development; however, the precise immune mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. Against these backgrounds, this review aims to: (1) discuss the contributions of various innate and adaptive immune cells within the PCM-associated immune microenvironment; (2) describe the relationship between imbalances in key immune cells (including M1\/M2 macrophages, Th1\/Th2 lymphocytes, Th17\/Treg cells) and the progression of PCM; (3) explore potential future research areas, the underlying immunopathogenesis of PCM, and prospective therapeutic targets, the activation of the complement system, regulation of immune homeostasis, the role of immune cell circadian rhythms, and modulation of key immune pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1727675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T06:33:17Z","timestamp":1768545197000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune imbalance and autoimmune mechanisms in plasma cell mastitis: current perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bingjie","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of First Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of First Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunxiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Binyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-025-01614-9","article-title":"Lebrikizumab for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic eczema: real-world experience from a tertiary centre","author":"Abraheem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dermatol. 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