{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:55:52Z","timestamp":1790751352763,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/RL\/230001C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/RL\/230001C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/RL\/230002A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/RL\/230002A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chickens play a crucial role in global food security but are susceptible to a plethora of avian and zoonotic pathogens. Understanding the contribution of pathogen and host factors during infection is important for the design of strategies to control avian diseases, but it is hampered by the lack of reliable and varied avian cell lines for\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies. Macrophages are key components of the innate immune system. They serve as a first line of defense against many infectious agents and help to orchestrate adaptive immune responses. Primary macrophages derived from chickens are limited in number, short-lived in culture, and difficult to genetically manipulate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here, we established a protocol where chicken primordial germ cells are differentiated into macrophage-like cells, which provide a continuous\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      supply of functionally active macrophages.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chicken primordial germ cell-derived macrophages (PGCdMs) had similar molecular, transcriptional, and functional characteristics to chicken bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). PGCdMs phagocytosed and killed\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Typhimurium, a zoonotic pathogen commonly transmitted to humans via contaminated poultry products. Moreover, gene-edited PGCdMs were produced by applying CRISPR\/Cas9 to the parental PGCs. The knockout of the major signaling molecule MyD88 in PGCdMs revealed that PGCdMs underwent rapid apoptosis after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taken together, chicken PGCdMs will be a valuable cellular resource for studying mechanisms underlying resistance to avian and zoonotic diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1684495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:03:27Z","timestamp":1790748207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Primordial germ cell-derived macrophages as a platform to study host\u2013pathogen interactions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sudeepta Kumar","family":"Panda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Gujarat Biotechnology University","place":["Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India"]},{"name":"Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI)","place":["Izatnagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Dehdilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Tellez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Corona","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorna","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Cody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samer","family":"Halabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Hawken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cobb-Europe","place":["Colchester, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike J.","family":"McGrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07570-7","article-title":"Bioreactor-based mass production of human iPSC-derived macrophages enables immunotherapies against bacterial airway infections","volume":"9","author":"Ackermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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