{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:02:58Z","timestamp":1791241378848,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The organoid co-culture model, a novel tool for reconstructing three-dimensional microenvironments to study cell-cell interactions, has demonstrated significant potential in biomedical research in recent years. It holds considerable value for elucidating tumor immunosuppression mechanisms, conducting drug sensitivity tests, studying immune responses in infectious diseases, and revealing pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. However, this model still faces challenges related to standardization, large-scale cultivation, and ethical regulation. The cellular sources of organoids\u2014such as human pluripotent stem cells, adult stem cells, fetal tissues, or genetically edited cells\u2014raise numerous ethical questions. These include: Is ongoing donor informed consent required? Does commercial use violate the original intent of donation? And do organoids possess attributes of \u201cpotential life\u201d? Furthermore, the clinical translation of organoid technology continues to push ethical boundaries, necessitating appropriate governance frameworks. Each field of science and technology presents specific ethical questions regarding its application; risks, benefits, and monitoring procedures vary, thus requiring tailored review guidelines. This article aims to address how to resolve the ethical challenges associated with organoid technology and to clarify key considerations for ethical review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1721946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:38:58Z","timestamp":1779255538000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ethical review key considerations for organoid applications in biomedical research\u2014a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Guo","family":"Zhili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing University, Medical Ethics Committee","place":["Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhang","family":"Nenghua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing University, Medical Ethics Committee","place":["Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-022-10082-3","article-title":"The many moral matters of organoid models: a systematic review of reasons","volume":"25","author":"Barnhart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Health Care Philos."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-121219-081855","article-title":"Human organoids for the study of retinal development and disease","volume":"6","author":"Bell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-024-00804-1","article-title":"Modelling human brain development and disease with organoids","volume":"26","author":"Birtele","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaf9414","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf9414","article-title":"Human tissues in a dish: the research and ethical implications of organoid technology","volume":"355","author":"Bredenoord","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2025.02.010","article-title":"Vascular network-inspired diffusible scaffolds for engineering functional midbrain organoids","volume":"32","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.02.013","article-title":"Kidney organoids: a 3-dimensional tool to unmask permeability factors in primary and recurrent FSGS","volume":"107","author":"Casiraghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2402444","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202402444","article-title":"Organoids of musculoskeletal system for disease modeling, drug screening, and regeneration","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20231554","article-title":"Kidney organoids: steps towards better organization and function","volume":"52","author":"Davies","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-023-02888-8","article-title":"Ethics and regulation of neuronal optogenetics in the European union","volume":"475","author":"Faltus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2024.102451","article-title":"Regenerative application of oral and maxillofacial 3D organoids based on dental pulp stem cell","volume":"89","author":"Farshbaf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27464-5","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics captures features of human midbrain development and dopamine neuron diversity in brain organoids","volume":"12","author":"Fiorenzano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2025.108876","article-title":"Neuromuscular and cardiac organoids and assembloids: advanced platforms for drug testing","volume":"272","author":"Fontanelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020701","article-title":"Adult animal stem cell-derived organoids in biomedical research and the one health paradigm","volume":"25","author":"Gabriel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2400093","DOI":"10.1111\/boc.202400093","article-title":"Organoid ethical typology: varieties of three-dimensional stem cell constructs and the many issues they raise in bioethics","volume":"117","author":"Gaillard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2017.01.001","article-title":"Probing human brain evolution and development in organoids","volume":"44","author":"Giandomenico","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-00433-w","article-title":"Generation and long-term culture of advanced cerebral organoids for studying later stages of neural development","volume":"16","author":"Giandomenico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw9021","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw9021","article-title":"Tissue geometry drives deterministic organoid patterning","volume":"375","author":"Gjorevski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2317285121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2317285121","article-title":"A highly reproducible and efficient method for retinal organoid differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"121","author":"Harkin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307613","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1307613","article-title":"Brain organoids and organoid intelligence from ethical, legal, and social points of view","volume":"6","author":"Hartung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-023-00802-1","article-title":"Generating human blastoids modeling blastocyst-stage embryos and implantation","volume":"18","author":"Heidari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-00411-2","article-title":"Establishment of human fetal hepatocyte organoids and CRISPR-Cas9-based gene knockin and knockout in organoid cultures from human liver","volume":"16","author":"Hendriks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-023-00475-7","article-title":"Bioengineered skin organoids: from development to applications","volume":"10","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8540","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158540","article-title":"Therapeutic transplantation of human central nervous system organoids for neural reconstruction","volume":"25","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143298","DOI":"10.3389\/fmmed.2023.1143298","article-title":"Human brain organoid code of conduct","volume":"3","author":"Hoppe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2019.02.003","article-title":"The moral status of cerebral organoids","volume":"10","author":"Hostiuc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146653","article-title":"Ethical issues related to brain organoid research","volume":"1732","author":"Hyun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sxae093","DOI":"10.1093\/stmcls\/sxae093","article-title":"Establishment of vascularized human retinal organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"43","author":"Inagaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B28","volume-title":"ISSCR guidelines for stem cell research and clinical translation","year":"2021"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2023.05.002","article-title":"Standards for human stem cell use in research","volume":"18","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd8120178","article-title":"Cardiac organoids and gastruloids to study physio-pathological heart development","volume":"8","author":"Jaconi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc Dev. Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2022.03.020","article-title":"Brain organoids, consciousness, ethics and moral status","volume":"144","author":"Jeziorski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2024.151470","article-title":"Beyond consciousness: ethical, legal, and social issues in human brain organoid research and application","volume":"104","author":"Kataoka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.05.001","article-title":"Hyaluronan improves photoreceptor differentiation and maturation in human retinal organoids","volume":"181","author":"Kawai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110519897789","article-title":"Moral limits of brain organoid research","volume":"47","author":"Koplin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Law Med Ethics"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.147146","article-title":"Potential ethical problems with human cerebral organoids:consciousness and moral status of future brains in a dish","volume":"1750","author":"Lavazza","year":"","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"niab029","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niab029","article-title":"Consciousnessoids\u2019: clues and insights from human cerebral organoids for the study of consciousness","volume":"7","author":"Lavazza","year":"","journal-title":"Neurosci. Conscious"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-00853-9","article-title":"Cellular extrusion bioprinting improves kidney organoid reproducibility and conformation","volume":"20","author":"Lawlor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mater"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.15283\/ijsc24118","article-title":"Advanced animal replacement testing strategies using stem cell and organoids","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2025.10.013","article-title":"Organoids and organs-on-chips for accelerating R&D and clinical translation in orthopaedics: emerging opportunities and regulatory pathways","volume":"56","author":"Lei","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25329-5","article-title":"Self-assembling human heart organoids for the modeling of cardiac development and congenital heart disease","volume":"12","author":"Lewis-Israeli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0621","article-title":"Living biobank-based cancer organoids: prospects and challenges in cancer research","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2103999","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202103999","article-title":"Patient-derived upper tract urothelial carcinoma organoids as a platform for drug screening","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.108936","article-title":"Human organoids potentially boost research intoenvironmental factors of neural tube defects","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2025.05.013","article-title":"Human airway submucosal gland organoids to study respiratory inflammation and infection","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jcs261961","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.261961","article-title":"Generation and characterization of mature hepatocyte organoids for liver metabolic studies","volume":"137","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9410013","DOI":"10.26599\/CO.2025.9410013","article-title":"Embracing human relevance: the FDA\u2019s historic move beyond animal testing mandates","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Organoid"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8675","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168675","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Maier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-025-10890-z","article-title":"Stem cell and synthetic embryo models: advances, applications, and ethical considerations","volume":"21","author":"Marei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05352-7","article-title":"Cryopreservation of human kidney organoids","volume":"81","author":"Mashouf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304002","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1304002","article-title":"Review on new approach methods to gain insight into the feto-maternal interface physiology","volume":"10","author":"Menon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2018.05.002","article-title":"Ethical issues in genetic modification and why application matters","volume":"52","author":"Munsie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.140111","article-title":"Ethical issues in human organoid and gastruloid research","volume":"144","author":"Munsie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2025.151478","article-title":"Mouse colorectal cancer organoids: lessons from syngeneic and orthotopic transplantation systems","volume":"104","author":"Muta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B53","volume-title":"The Emerging Field of Human Neural Organoids, Transplants, and Chimeras: Science,Ethics, and Governance","year":"2021"},{"key":"B54","unstructured":"Ethical guidelines for human-derived organoid research\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12487","article-title":"Animal models in neuroscience with alternative approaches: evolutionary, biomedical, and ethical perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Neziri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Model Exp. Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2724-8","article-title":"Homeostatic mini-intestines through scaffold-guided organoid morphogenesis","volume":"585","author":"Nikolaev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2019.0227","article-title":"Organoids: past learning and future directions","volume":"29","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122875","article-title":"Exploring the potential of human intestinal organoids: applications, challenges, and future directions","volume":"352","author":"Parente","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-024-10723-5","article-title":"Replacing animal testing with stem cell-organoids: advantages and limitations","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536854","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1536854","article-title":"Organoids and spheroids: advanced in vitro models for liver cancer research","volume":"12","author":"Pastore","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13010-022-00119-z","article-title":"Media portrayal of ethical and social issues in brain organoid research","volume":"17","author":"Presley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Philos. Ethics Humanit Med."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-022-00492-y","article-title":"Modeling human gonad development in organoids","volume":"19","author":"Pryzhkova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bio059267","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.059267","article-title":"Characterization of human nasal organoids from chronic rhinosinusitis patients","volume":"11","author":"Ramezanpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795492","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1795389","article-title":"Research in a time of enteroids and organoids: how the human gut model has transformed the study of enteric bacterial pathogens","volume":"12","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0051-9","article-title":"Progress and potential in organoid research","volume":"19","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2019.08.003","article-title":"The ethics of cerebral organoid research: being conscious of consciousness","volume":"13","author":"Sawai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2024.01.023","article-title":"Single-cell assessment of primary and stem cell-derived human trophoblast organoids as placenta-modeling platforms","volume":"59","author":"Shannon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04139-2","article-title":"Advances in liver organoids:replicating hepatic complexity for toxicity assessment and disease modeling","volume":"16","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.002","article-title":"High-fidelity drug-induced liver injury screen using human pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids","volume":"160","author":"Shinozawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848648","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.848648","article-title":"Prenatal drugs and their effects on the developing brain: insights from three-dimensional human organoids","volume":"16","author":"Stankovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2024.110145","article-title":"Organoids as a model of status epilepticus","volume":"161","author":"Street","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.11.035","article-title":"Advancements in therapeutic development: kidney organoids and organs on a chip","volume":"105","author":"Tabibzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F695","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00166.2023","article-title":"Navigating the kidney organoid:insights into assessment and enhancement of nephron function","volume":"325","author":"Tabibzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854740","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.854740","article-title":"Human intestinal organoids: promise and challenge","volume":"10","author":"Taelman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14060457","article-title":"Colorectal organoids: models, imaging, Omics,Therapy, immunology, and ethics","volume":"14","author":"Taglieri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70195","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70195","article-title":"Organoid-guided precision medicine: from bench to bedside","volume":"6","author":"Tao","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14620","article-title":"Bioethical implications of organ-on-a-chip on modernizing drug development","volume":"47","author":"Thakar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101650","article-title":"Patient-derived tumor organoids to model drug response in gastric cancer","volume":"5","author":"Vistoso Monreal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.01.004","article-title":"Transplantation strategies to enhance maturity and cellular complexity in brain organoids","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.02.002","article-title":"Promises and challenges of organoids: from humanized to human derived","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14111436","article-title":"Organoids as tools for investigating skin aging: mechanisms, applications, and insights","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2024.100903","article-title":"Accelerated production of human epithelial organoids in a miniaturized spinning bioreactor","volume":"4","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Methods"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2219699120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2219699120","article-title":"A single-cell multiomic analysis of kidney organoid differentiation","volume":"120","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmacrolett.4c00520","article-title":"Generating tooth organoids using defined bioorthogonally cross-linked hydrogels","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Macro Lett."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/C0.2025.9410019","article-title":"In-depth analysis and global perspectives on NIH\u2019s establishment of its first dedicated National Organoid Center","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Organoid"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2024.0067","article-title":"Mice hepatic organoids for modeling nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and drug response","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2025.100667","article-title":"Organoids and organs-on-chips: recent advances, applications in drug development, and regulatory challenges","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"","journal-title":"Med."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100115","DOI":"10.59717\/j.xinn-life.2024.100115","article-title":"When artificial intelligence (AI) meets organoids and organs-on-chips (OoCs): game-changer for drug discovery and development","volume":"3","author":"Zhou","year":"","journal-title":"Innovation Life"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-025-00651-x","article-title":"Charting bioethical frontiers: china\u2019s human organoid guidelines in a global context","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1721946\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:39:00Z","timestamp":1779255540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1721946\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2026.1721946"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1721946","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"article-number":"1721946"}}