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Photobiomodulation (PBM) involves the application of non-ionizing light sources including laser and light-emitting diodes (LED) and broadband light in the visible and near-infrared spectrum to produce stimulatory effect on healing and modulate the inflammatory process in different tissues, including synovium and cartilage of KOA. However, the therapeutic effectiveness and the molecular mechanism of PBM are not fully understood. The results of clinical studies regarding the effects of PBM on KOA are controversial due to differences in study design and execution among these studies. In addition, the lack of unified standards for the optimal treatment strategies, parameters and courses, which has hampered the application of PBM in KOA. In this review, we synthesized clinical and preclinical evidence to evaluate PBM\u2019s efficacy. Our analysis indicates that PBM offers robust symptomatic relief (pain and inflammation) for KOA. However, while preclinical models suggest disease-modifying potential (e.g., cartilage protection), its clinical efficacy in structural regeneration remains speculative and requires further validation through long-term imaging studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1744761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T06:35:33Z","timestamp":1772433333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Photobiomodulation for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: therapeutic effects and molecular mechanism"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianxiang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangxi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanwen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoxi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Peking University Third Hospital, Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siu Ngor","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2021.03.011","article-title":"Effects of low-level and high-intensity laser therapy as adjunctive to rehabilitation exercise on pain, stiffness and function in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05469-7","article-title":"Efficacy of high intensity laser therapy in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind controlled randomized study","volume":"40","author":"Akaltun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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