{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:21:26Z","timestamp":1793316086465,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized oncology but faces significant challenges including low response rates and lack of effective preclinical models. This review elucidates how patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are emerging as a transformative platform to address these hurdles. We detail sophisticated immuno-PDO (iPDO) models, categorized into reconstituted systems (co-culturing PDOs with exogenous immune cells) and native systems (preserving endogenous tumor microenvironment via Air-Liquid Interface or Patient-Derived Organotypic Tumor Spheroids). A problem-solution framework demonstrates how iPDOs: (1) deconvolute the immunosuppressive TME; (2) function as \u201cliving biomarkers\u201d for predicting clinical responses; (3) unravel resistance mechanisms via multi-omics; and (4) empower high-throughput screening for personalized combination therapies. Integration with bioengineering, multi-omics, and AI heralds a new era in precision immuno-oncology, holding immense promise for deciphering resistance and improving clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1757516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T08:39:14Z","timestamp":1771403954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Patient-derived organoids (PDOs): a novel preclinical platform to overcome challenges in cancer immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, Shanghai 411 Hospital, China RongTong Medical Healthcare Group Co., Ltd.\/411 Hospital, Shanghai University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gengming","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai OneTar Biomedicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai OneTar Biomedicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiying","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai OneTar Biomedicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation on Orthopedic Biomaterials, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University","place":["Jiaxing, China"]},{"name":"Jiaxing Organoid Center","place":["Jiaxing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghe","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation on Orthopedic Biomaterials, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University","place":["Jiaxing, China"]},{"name":"Jiaxing Organoid Center","place":["Jiaxing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, Shanghai 411 Hospital, China RongTong Medical Healthcare Group Co., Ltd.\/411 Hospital, Shanghai University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-0199-8","article-title":"Synthetic alternatives to matrigel","volume":"5","author":"Aisenbrey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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