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Emerging evidence highlights the central role of the Th17\/Treg cell balance in maintaining intestinal immune tolerance, which is tightly regulated by microbe-derived metabolites and host metabolic pathways. In IBD, microbial dysbiosis and altered metabolite profiles disrupt this equilibrium, favoring pro-inflammatory responses. Moreover, genetic variants affecting immune regulation modulate individual susceptibility and disease course. Understanding how microbiome modulation, metabolic reprogramming, and genetic predisposition converge in IBD pathogenesis opens new avenues for precision medicine. This minireview discusses recent advances in this field, emphasizing novel microbiome-targeted strategies, metabolic interventions, and personalized immunomodulatory therapies aimed at restoring Th17\/Treg homeostasis. 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