{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T06:02:26Z","timestamp":1780293746745,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":325,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal integrity is maintained throughout the lifespan by tightly coordinated actions of cells in the bone microenvironment. In healthy bone, matrix resorption by osteoclasts is balanced by new matrix synthesis by osteoblasts. Tipping this balance to favor resorption depletes bone mineral and disrupts microarchitecture, eventually leading to osteoporosis. Bone mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells (BMSCs) are the progenitors of osteoblasts and play a central role in maintaining bone mass. With age and disease, BMSC number and function decline. Defining mechanisms that restore the mesenchymal progenitor population may yield targets for new osteoporosis therapeutics. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a major class of receptors through which systemic hormones, neural inputs, mechanical cues, and local paracrine factors converge to regulate BMSC fate, survival, and differentiation. Although GPCRs are the target of approximately one-third of all drugs, only a small number of GPCR-mediated anabolic therapies are currently available to treat osteoporosis. Here, we synthesize the current understanding of classical GPCR signaling pathways in BMSCs and discuss how their dysregulation contributes to bone loss. We further highlight emerging non-classical GPCR targets and effectors that may work to expand the healthy BMSC pool, thereby enhancing bone formation. Defining druggable GPCR signaling axes in BMSCs is a promising strategy to develop safe and effective anabolic therapeutics for osteoporosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1795445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T05:24:49Z","timestamp":1780291489000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["G protein-coupled receptor signaling in osteogenic bone mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Trevor J.","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha R.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03378-z","article-title":"The crucial role of beta-catenin in the osteoprotective effect of semaglutide in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis","volume":"398","author":"Abo-Elenin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedeb. Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8570","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27833","article-title":"Prospect of mesenchymal stem cells in therapy of osteoporosis: A review","volume":"234","author":"Aghebati-Maleki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1855","article-title":"Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (GPR120) Stimulates Bone Formation and Suppresses Bone Resorption in the Presence of Elevated n-3 Fatty Acid Levels","volume":"157","author":"Ahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-12-200012190-00010","article-title":"Association of hypogonadism and estradiol levels with bone mineral density in elderly men from the Framingham study","volume":"133","author":"Amin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12252","article-title":"Melatonin improves bone mineral density at the femoral neck in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Amstrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37791-4","article-title":"WHIM Syndrome-linked CXCR4 mutations drive osteoporosis","volume":"14","author":"Anginot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0087-0","article-title":"Clinical advantages and disadvantages of anabolic bone therapies targeting the WNT pathway","volume":"14","author":"Appelman-Dijkstra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2024.100557","article-title":"The landscape of cancer-rewired GPCR signaling axes","volume":"4","author":"Arora","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Genomics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/7.2.195","article-title":"Fingerprinting G-protein-coupled receptors","volume":"7","author":"Attwood","year":"1994","journal-title":"Protein Eng."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1402.014","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal remodeling by the endocannabinoid system","volume":"1116","author":"Bab","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707593","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors and the regulation of bone mass","volume":"153","author":"Bab","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-11-0404","article-title":"TSH-induced gene expression involves regulation of self-renewal and differentiation-related genes in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"212","author":"Bagriacik","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91699","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone regulates fates of murine osteoblast precursors in vivo","volume":"127","author":"Balani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-022-00772-5","article-title":"Update on the Role of Glucocorticoid Signaling in Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Adipocytes During Aging","volume":"21","author":"Bensreti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae144","article-title":"The G protein-coupled receptor ADGRG6 maintains mouse growth plate homeostasis through IHH signaling","volume":"39","author":"Bian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bone Mineral Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21512-w","article-title":"Control of oviductal fluid flow by the G-protein coupled receptor Adgrd1 is essential for murine embryo transit","volume":"12","author":"Bianchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(24)00092-5","article-title":"Bone mineral density as a surrogate endpoint for fracture risk reduction in clinical trials of osteoporosis therapies: an update on SABRE","volume":"12","author":"Black","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.2165\/0003495-200868180-00012","article-title":"Teriparatide: a review of its use in osteoporosis","volume":"68","author":"Blick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/s8756-3282(00)00338-0","article-title":"Reduced G-protein-coupled-receptor kinase 2 activity results in impairment of osteoblast function","volume":"27","author":"Bliziotes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)00497-w","article-title":"Cloning and functional expression of the cDNA encoding an inwardly-rectifying potassium channel expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and in the brain","volume":"367","author":"Bond","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5840","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1036475100","article-title":"Mesenchymal progenitor self-renewal deficiency leads to age-dependent osteoporosis in Sca-1\/Ly-6A null mice","volume":"100","author":"Bonyadi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.12.021","article-title":"Genetic control of bone mass","volume":"432","author":"Boudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2004.pto940602.x","article-title":"Teriparatide (biosynthetic human parathyroid hormone 1-34): a new paradigm in the treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"94","author":"Brixen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-4781(02)00341-x","article-title":"Cloning and molecular characterization of the rat CB2 cannabinoid receptor","volume":"1576","author":"Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-013-0402-8","article-title":"Targeting the molecular and cellular interactions of the bone marrow niche in immunologic disease","volume":"14","author":"Brozowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02715-4","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 modulates mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation through sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor regulation","volume":"13","author":"Brozowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12111119","article-title":"The Relevance of GIRK Channels in Heart Function","volume":"12","author":"Campos-R\u00edOS","year":"2022","journal-title":"Membr. (Basel)"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15718\u201327","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.344994","article-title":"A2B adenosine receptor promotes mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to osteoblasts and bone formation in vivo","volume":"287","author":"Carroll","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.37349\/emd.2024.00046","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells from people with osteoporosis are fewer, and defective in both osteogenic and adipogenic capacity","volume":"2","author":"Cassidy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Explor. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3626\u201335","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.10.6051","article-title":"Hormonal and biochemical parameters in the determination of osteoporosis in elderly men","volume":"84","author":"Center","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123288","article-title":"An Insight into GPCR and G-Proteins as Cancer Drivers","volume":"10","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.146","article-title":"Antiresorptive therapies for osteoporosis: a clinical overview","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3177","article-title":"Intermittent parathyroid hormone (1-34) application regulates cAMP-response element binding protein activity to promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stromal cells, via the cAMP\/PKA signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08097-7","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 mediates sensory nerve regulation of bone homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8546739","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8546739","article-title":"PTHG2 Reduces Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice by Directing Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Fate","volume":"2021","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10115","article-title":"MicroRNA and Human Bone Health","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05396-5","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 attenuates diabetes-associated osteoporosis in ZDF rat, possibly through the RAGE pathway","volume":"23","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010325","article-title":"CaSR-Mediated hBMSCs Activity Modulation: Additional Coupling Mechanism in Bone Remodeling Compartment","volume":"22","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3203-1","article-title":"The calcium-sensing receptor in bone metabolism: from bench to bedside and back","volume":"26","author":"Cianferotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2012.0432","article-title":"Extracellular purines promote the differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the osteogenic and adipogenic lineages","volume":"22","author":"Ciciarello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3109","article-title":"IGF-1 Receptor Expression on Circulating Osteoblast Progenitor Cells Predicts Tissue-Based Bone Formation Rate and Response to Teriparatide in Premenopausal Women With Idiopathic Osteoporosis","volume":"32","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac117","article-title":"Acute Effects of Kisspeptin Administration on Bone Metabolism in Healthy Men","volume":"107","author":"Comninos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32112-3","article-title":"Osteoporosis","volume":"393","author":"Compston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-022-06413-y","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness and cardiovascular safety of abaloparatide and teriparatide in postmenopausal women new to anabolic therapy: A US administrative claims database study","volume":"33","author":"Cosman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"B45","first-page":"M460","article-title":"BIM-44058, a novel analog of PTHrP with enhanced bone building activity, but decreased calcium-mobilization potential","volume":"16","author":"Culler","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1666-2","article-title":"Teriparatide increases the maturation of circulating osteoblast precursors","volume":"23","author":"D'Amelio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00442-16","article-title":"Osteogenesis Is Improved by Low Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Concentration through the Modulation of Gs-Coupled Receptor Signals","volume":"37","author":"Daniele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6551","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.533232","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid receptor type 1 (LPA1) plays a functional role in osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption activity","volume":"289","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0274","article-title":"Altered selectivity of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) for distinct conformations of the PTH\/PTHrP receptor","volume":"22","author":"Dean","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2017.1371136","article-title":"Investigational anabolic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis: an update on recent developments","volume":"26","author":"Dede","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10380","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10380","article-title":"LGRs in Skeletal Tissues: An Emerging Role for Wnt-Associated Adult Stem Cell Markers in Bone","volume":"4","author":"Doherty","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2023.116681","article-title":"Wnt-associated adult stem cell marker Lgr6 is required for osteogenesis and fracture healing","volume":"169","author":"Doherty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B53","article-title":"Long term effect of BA058, a novel human PTHrP Analog, restores bone mass in the aged osteopenic ovariectomized cynomolgus monkey","volume":"28","author":"Doyle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.06.006","article-title":"The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Osteoporosis","volume":"37","author":"Drake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.10.3434","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide I stimulates insulin gene expression and increases cyclic AMP levels in a rat islet cell line","volume":"84","author":"Drucker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.81.9.8784098","article-title":"Bone turnover markers and bone density across the menopausal transition","volume":"81","author":"Ebeling","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17215","article-title":"Role of RANK ligand in mediating increased bone resorption in early postmenopausal women","volume":"111","author":"Eghbali-Fatourechi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2023.05.007","article-title":"Relaxin treatment stimulates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts","volume":"18","author":"Escobar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113439","article-title":"Anti-Sclerostin Antibodies in Osteoporosis and Other Bone Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Fabre","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.01.001","article-title":"Parathyroid Hormone Directs Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Cell Fate","volume":"25","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-023-06907-3","article-title":"Global burden of hip fracture: The Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"35","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26086","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.44.26086","article-title":"Pancreatic islet cells express a family of inwardly rectifying K+ channel subunits which interact to form G-protein-activated channels","volume":"270","author":"Ferrer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2855","article-title":"The effects of ronacaleret, a calcium-sensing receptor antagonist, on bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density","volume":"96","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-2952(01)00749-3","article-title":"Domains of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor required for regulation by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs)","volume":"62","author":"Flannery","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003152","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003152","article-title":"Development of a polygenic risk score to improve screening for fracture risk: A genetic risk prediction study","volume":"17","author":"Forgetta","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112679","article-title":"PTK7 is a positive allosteric modulator of GPR133 signaling in glioblastoma","volume":"42","author":"Frenster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08505-2","article-title":"Teriparatide facilitates osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells to alleviate idiopathic osteoporosis via the circFNDC3B-miR-125a-5p-GLS axis","volume":"26","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20780.x","article-title":"Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte subpopulations","volume":"232","author":"Gali\u00e8GUE","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14080","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14080","article-title":"GPR120: A bi-potential mediator to modulate the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of BMMSCs","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110307","article-title":"Increased bone turnover in late postmenopausal women is a major determinant of osteoporosis","volume":"11","author":"Garnero","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2552","article-title":"The waning of teriparatide effect on bone formation markers in postmenopausal osteoporosis is associated with increasing serum levels of DKK1","volume":"96","author":"Gatti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.11.023","article-title":"Proteinase-activated receptor-2 is required for normal osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation during skeletal growth and repair","volume":"50","author":"Georgy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.4158\/EP15758.OR","article-title":"Comparison of the long-term effects of liraglutide and glimepiride monotherapy on bone mineral density in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4188","article-title":"Teriparatide Did Not Increase Adult Osteosarcoma Incidence in a 15-Year US Postmarketing Surveillance Study","volume":"36","author":"Gilsenan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-006-9007-z","article-title":"The use of parathyroid hormone in the treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"7","author":"Girotra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-025-09994-1","article-title":"Hypothalamic actions of estrogens in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis","author":"Gonz\u00e1LEZ-Garc\u00edA","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.02.004","article-title":"Extracellular calcium and CaSR drive osteoinduction in mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"10","author":"Gonz\u00e1LEZ-V\u00e1ZQUEZ","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI9038","article-title":"Antagonizing the parathyroid calcium receptor stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion and bone formation in osteopenic rats","volume":"105","author":"Gowen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.02.013","article-title":"Regulation of G-protein coupled receptor signalling underpinning neurobiology of mood disorders and depression","volume":"449","author":"Grammatopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.11.1833","article-title":"Endogenous sex steroids and bone mineral density in older women and men: the Rancho Bernardo Study","volume":"12","author":"Greendale","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.05.034","article-title":"Age-related CXC chemokine receptor-4-deficiency impairs osteogenic differentiation potency of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stromal stem cells","volume":"45","author":"Guang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08957-1","article-title":"Exercise increases bone mass by lactate\/Gpr81 signaling pathway","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2207\u201315","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4009","article-title":"A phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of the calcium-sensing receptor antagonist MK-5442 in the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"99","author":"Halse","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1286-x","article-title":"Apelin enhances the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells partly through Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Hang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. and Ther."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R127","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-16-0124","article-title":"Disorders of the calcium-sensing receptor and partner proteins: insights into the molecular basis of calcium homeostasis","volume":"57","author":"Hannan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6120","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200209p","article-title":"Mechanism of activation and inactivation of Gq\/phospholipase C-\u03b2 signaling nodes","volume":"111","author":"Harden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0921","article-title":"Preserved inhibitory potency of GLP-1 on glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"94","author":"Hare","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.178","article-title":"Trends in GPCR drug discovery: new agents, targets and indications","volume":"16","author":"Hauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2011.07.002","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei-serpentine gateways to neuroendocrine homeostasis","volume":"33","author":"Hazell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eads3829","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads3829","article-title":"Exogenous activation of the adhesion GPCR ADGRD1\/GPR133 protects against bone loss by negatively regulating osteoclastogenesis","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113924","article-title":"Norepinephrine Inhibits the proliferation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via \u03b22-adrenoceptor-mediated ERK1\/2 and PKA phosphorylation","volume":"21","author":"Hedderich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10594","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10594","article-title":"Dilemmas in the Management of Osteoporosis in Younger Adults","volume":"6","author":"Herath","year":"2022","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-013-0136-1","article-title":"Osteoporosis in the European Union: medical management, epidemiology and economic burden. A report prepared in collaboration with the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA)","volume":"8","author":"Hernlund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16020231","article-title":"Sex-Specific Role of NPVF Signalling in Homeostatic Control","volume":"16","author":"Herzog","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1716","article-title":"Notch signaling maintains bone marrow mesenchymal progenitors by suppressing osteoblast differentiation","volume":"14","author":"Hilton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4367","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.9.7131","article-title":"Estrogen stimulates gene expression and protein production of osteoprotegerin in human osteoblastic cells","volume":"140","author":"Hofbauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2010.03.020","article-title":"Stromal derived factor-1 regulates bone morphogenetic protein 2-induced osteogenic differentiation of primary mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"42","author":"Hosogane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.54.2.161","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors","volume":"54","author":"Howlett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707457105","article-title":"Osteoblast expression of an engineered Gs-coupled receptor dramatically increases bone mass","volume":"105","author":"Hsiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3","article-title":"Gs G protein-coupled receptor signaling in osteoblasts elicits age-dependent effects on bone formation","volume":"25","author":"Hsiao","year":"","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2009-0424","article-title":"Ligand-mediated activation of an engineered gs g protein-coupled receptor in osteoblasts increases trabecular bone formation","volume":"24","author":"Hsiao","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15707-9","article-title":"Visualizing the GPCR Network: Classification and Evolution","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020360","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Cell Fate Decision to Osteoblast or Adipocyte and Application in Osteoporosis Treatment","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-024-00321-z","article-title":"\u03b2-Receptor blocker enhances the anabolic effect of PTH after osteoporotic fracture","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08507-0","article-title":"Genetically modified stem cells for osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04699-3","article-title":"Functionalized mesenchymal stem cells for enhanced bone regeneration: advances and challenges","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/7.2.111","article-title":"Genomic characterization of the human heterotrimeric G protein alpha, beta, and gamma subunit genes","volume":"7","author":"Hurowitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"DNA Res."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2012.00136","article-title":"Role of cannabinoids in the regulation of bone remodeling","volume":"3","author":"Idris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1255","article-title":"Regulation of bone mass, bone loss and osteoclast activity by cannabinoid receptors","volume":"11","author":"Idris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5619","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0150","article-title":"Regulation of bone mass, osteoclast function, and ovariectomy-induced bone loss by the type 2 cannabinoid receptor","volume":"149","author":"Idris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684736","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/684736","article-title":"Review of Signaling Pathways Governing MSC Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation","volume":"2013","author":"James","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. (Cairo)"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107808","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of targeting G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels in the central nervous system","volume":"223","author":"Jeremic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-023-01063-6","article-title":"Biologics: Teriparatide and Newer Anabolics","volume":"57","author":"JHA","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthop."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13291","DOI":"10.1021\/bi981178p","article-title":"A novel high-affinity inhibitor for inward-rectifier K+ channels","volume":"37","author":"Jin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14286","DOI":"10.1021\/bi991205r","article-title":"Synthesis of a stable form of tertiapin: a high-affinity inhibitor for inward-rectifier K+ channels","volume":"38","author":"Jin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.04.015","article-title":"AXT914 a novel, orally-active parathyroid hormone-releasing drug in two early studies of healthy volunteers and postmenopausal women","volume":"64","author":"John","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.08.011","article-title":"Decreasing CB1 receptor signaling in Kupffer cells improves insulin sensitivity in obese mice","volume":"6","author":"Jourdan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi370","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor type 2 gene is associated with human osteoporosis","volume":"14","author":"Karsak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0908520","article-title":"Adenosine A2A receptors play an active role in mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell development","volume":"85","author":"Katebi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1021\/cn400062a","article-title":"ML297 (VU0456810), the first potent and selective activator of the GIRK potassium channel, displays antiepileptic properties in mice","volume":"4","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10075","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10075","article-title":"Evidence for Lgr6 as a Novel Marker of Osteoblastic Progenitors in Mice","volume":"3","author":"Khedgikar","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2021.116267","article-title":"Mouse LGR6 regulates osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo through differential ligand use","volume":"155","author":"Khedgikar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.8.7736","article-title":"Relationship of serum sex steroid levels to longitudinal changes in bone density in young versus elderly men","volume":"86","author":"Khosla","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.041228","article-title":"Relationship of volumetric BMD and structural parameters at different skeletal sites to sex steroid levels in men","volume":"20","author":"Khosla","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4832","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI122151","article-title":"Sympathetic \u03b21-adrenergic signaling contributes to regulation of human bone metabolism","volume":"128","author":"Khosla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.17-0054","article-title":"Concise Review: Musculoskeletal Stem Cells to Treat Age-Related Osteoporosis","volume":"6","author":"Kiernan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.25.937","article-title":"Fatty Acid-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Skeletal Metabolism","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Bone Metab."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2024.117207","article-title":"Signaling pathways associated with Lgr6 to regulate osteogenesis","volume":"187","author":"King","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.10.021","article-title":"G protein coupled receptor structure and activation","volume":"1768","author":"Kobilka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B130","first-page":"1","article-title":"GCRDb: a G-protein-coupled receptor database","volume":"2","author":"Kolakowski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Recept Channels"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2014.01.012","article-title":"Exposure to omega-3 fatty acids at early age accelerate bone growth and improve bone quality","volume":"25","author":"Koren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00287","article-title":"Discovery and Characterization of VU0529331, a Synthetic Small-Molecule Activator of Homomeric G Protein-Gated, Inwardly Rectifying, Potassium (GIRK) Channels","volume":"10","author":"Kozek","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13242110","article-title":"Unraveling the Mechanism of Impaired Osteogenic Differentiation in Osteoporosis: Insights from ADRB2 Gene Polymorphism","volume":"13","author":"Krasnova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B134","volume-title":"Romosozumab.","author":"Krupa","year":"2024"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11213519","article-title":"Dynamic Balance between PTH1R-Dependent Signal Cascades Determines Its Pro- or Anti-Osteogenic Effects on MSC","volume":"11","author":"Kulebyakin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102221","article-title":"Intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone 1\u201334 enhances osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells by regulating protein kinase C\u03b4","volume":"18","author":"Kuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H681","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1986.251.3.H681","article-title":"Acetylcholine activation of K+ channels in cell-free membrane of atrial cells","volume":"251","author":"Kurachi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12752","article-title":"Concepts of GPCR-controlled navigation in the immune system","volume":"289","author":"L\u00e4MMERMANN","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.145.BJR-2024-0167.R1","article-title":"CXCR4 is a response gene for parathyroid hormone which affects osteoblast and osteoclast function in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Larraz-Prieto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bone Jt. Res."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(25)00319-5","article-title":"3 months vs 12 months of romosozumab for postmenopausal osteoporosis (LIDA): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Leder","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-021-00139-x","article-title":"Notch-Wnt signal crosstalk regulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells during intramembranous bone healing","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Regen. Medicine"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18677","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.30.18677","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptors. III. New roles for receptor kinases and beta-arrestins in receptor signaling and desensitization","volume":"273","author":"Lefkowitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02291-y","article-title":"The mechanosensitive adhesion G protein-coupled receptor 133 (GPR133\/ADGRD1) enhances bone formation","volume":"10","author":"Lehmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.03.016","article-title":"Osteopenia and impaired fracture healing in aged EP4 receptor knockout mice","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2010.01.016","article-title":"beta2-and beta3-but not beta1-adrenergic receptors are involved in osteogenesis of mouse mesenchymal stem cells via cAMP\/PKA signaling","volume":"496","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI77716","article-title":"MicroRNA-188 regulates age-related switch between osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-015-0792-2","article-title":"Effect of exenatide, insulin and pioglitazone on bone metabolism in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3652","article-title":"Dual Targeting of Bile Acid Receptor-1 (TGR5) and Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Prevents Estrogen-Dependent Bone Loss in Mice","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110523","article-title":"Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, suppresses osteoclastogenesis through the inhibition of NF-\u03baB and MAPK pathways via GLP-1R","volume":"130","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.11.036","article-title":"A tethered agonist within the ectodomain activates the adhesion G protein-coupled receptors GPR126 and GPR133","volume":"9","author":"Liebscher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S127568","article-title":"Profile of romosozumab and its potential in the management of osteoporosis","volume":"11","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel Ther."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8565","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900082RR","article-title":"Lgr5-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells augment fracture healing through regulation of Wnt\/ERK signaling pathways and mitochondrial dynamics","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516038","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1516038","article-title":"Neuropeptides as regulators of bone metabolism: from molecular mechanisms to traditional Chinese medicine intervention strategies","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3534-6","article-title":"Teriparatide for osteoporosis: importance of the full course","volume":"27","author":"Lindsay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22471","article-title":"LPA induces osteoblast differentiation through interplay of two receptors: LPA1 and LPA4","volume":"109","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0165063","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165063","article-title":"Substance P promotes the proliferation, but inhibits differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts from rats with spinal cord injury via RANKL\/OPG system","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.08.122","article-title":"LGR6 promotes osteogenesis by activating the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"519","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04347","article-title":"Local SDF-1\u03b1 application enhances the therapeutic efficacy of BMSCs transplantation in osteoporotic bone healing","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67781","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.67781","article-title":"An adhesion G protein-coupled receptor is required in cartilaginous and dense connective tissues to maintain spine alignment","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83345","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.83345","article-title":"PTH regulates osteogenesis and suppresses adipogenesis through Zfp467 in a feed-forward, PTH1R-cyclic AMP-dependent manner","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13050406","article-title":"PTH and the Regulation of Mesenchymal Cells within the Bone Marrow Niche","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20221059","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2022-1059","article-title":"Calcium-sensing receptors promoted Homer1 expression and osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2010.02.014","article-title":"A cannabinoid 2 receptor agonist attenuates bone cancer-induced pain and bone loss","volume":"86","author":"Lozano-Ondoua","year":"2010","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132744","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist Liraglutide has anabolic bone effects in ovariectomized rats without diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.033571","article-title":"Regulation of bone formation and remodeling by G-protein-coupled receptor 48","volume":"136","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-019-0059-6","article-title":"The role of GPCRs in bone diseases and dysfunctions","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C439","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00102.2022","article-title":"Neuronal G protein-gated K","volume":"323","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2834","article-title":"Emerging roles for G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels in health and disease","volume":"11","author":"L\u00fcSCHER","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4754","article-title":"PTH(1-34) activates the migration and adhesion of BMSCs through the rictor\/mTORC2 pathway","volume":"46","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1898","article-title":"Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, prevents osteopenia by promoting bone formation and suppressing bone resorption in aged ovariectomized rats","volume":"28","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0146","article-title":"Optimal bone mechanical and material properties require a functional glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor","volume":"219","author":"Mabilleau","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.07.014","article-title":"Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) dose-dependently reduces osteoclast differentiation and resorption","volume":"91","author":"Mabilleau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R29","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0278","article-title":"Novel skeletal effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists","volume":"236","author":"Mabilleau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26573-2_10","article-title":"Distribution of cannabinoid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system","author":"Mackie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5864\u20139","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301674110","article-title":"Critical role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor-1 phosphorylation in regulating acute responses to PTH","volume":"110","author":"Maeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.21.2.0395","article-title":"Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"21","author":"Manolagas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-01014-7","article-title":"PTH receptor signalling, osteocytes and bone disease induced by diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Marino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4462-3","article-title":"G-protein signaling: back to the future","volume":"62","author":"Mccudden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.273","article-title":"Blockade of receptor-activated G(i) signaling in osteoblasts in vivo leads to site-specific increases in cortical and cancellous bone formation","volume":"26","author":"Millard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1365","article-title":"Role of Osteoblast Gi Signaling in Age-Related Bone Loss in Female Mice","volume":"158","author":"Millard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.88a.21011","article-title":"Teriparatide: Label changes and identifying patients for long-term use","volume":"88","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cleve Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-6147(99)01320-6","article-title":"Chimaeric G alpha proteins: their potential use in drug discovery","volume":"20","author":"Milligan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15213","article-title":"Interactions between kisspeptin and bone: Cellular mechanisms, clinical evidence, and future potential","volume":"1540","author":"Mills","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9728.2004.00127.x","article-title":"Aging activates adipogenic and suppresses osteogenic programs in mesenchymal marrow stroma\/stem cells: the role of PPAR-gamma2 transcription factor and TGF-beta\/BMP signaling pathways","volume":"3","author":"Moerman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aging Cell."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0140369","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140369","article-title":"Pharmacological Characterization of 5-HT1A Autoreceptor-Coupled GIRK Channels in Rat Dorsal Raphe 5-HT Neurons","volume":"10","author":"Montalbano","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.6003","article-title":"Osteoporosis: A Review","volume":"334","author":"Morin","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids","volume":"365","author":"Munro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.03.041","article-title":"Aging and lineage allocation changes of bone marrow skeletal (stromal) stem cells","volume":"123","author":"Nehlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e277\u201384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2012.11.002","article-title":"Allosteric modulators of the extracellular calcium receptor","volume":"10","author":"Nemeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Technol."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-015-0052-z","article-title":"Calcimimetic and Calcilytic Drugs: Feats, Flops, and Futures","volume":"98","author":"Nemeth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39654","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39654","article-title":"Promotion of natural tooth repair by small molecule GSK3 antagonists","volume":"7","author":"Neves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386645","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1386645","article-title":"Direct modulation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels","volume":"15","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2034-6","article-title":"Direct health-care costs attributed to hip fractures among seniors: a matched cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Nikitovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04291-9","article-title":"LncRNA MRF targeting FSHR inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and bone defect repair through the regulation of the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway","volume":"16","author":"Ning","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.23014","article-title":"Role of ecto-NTPDases on UDP-sensitive P2Y(6) receptor activation during osteogenic differentiation of primary bone marrow stromal cells from postmenopausal women","volume":"227","author":"Noronha-Matos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-009-9220-3","article-title":"Effect of GLP-1 treatment on bone turnover in normal, type 2 diabetic, and insulin-resistant states","volume":"84","author":"Nuche-Berenguer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2009.06.010","article-title":"Exendin-4 exerts osteogenic actions in insulin-resistant and type 2 diabetic states","volume":"159","author":"Nuche-Berenguer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-11-0015","article-title":"GLP-1 and exendin-4 can reverse hyperlipidic-related osteopenia","volume":"209","author":"Nuche-Berenguer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-018-1874-2","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of osteoporosis and fragility fractures","volume":"14","author":"Nuti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504187103","article-title":"Peripheral cannabinoid receptor, CB2, regulates bone mass","volume":"103","author":"Ofek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3002252","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002252","article-title":"GIRK2 potassium channels expressed by the AgRP neurons decrease adiposity and body weight in mice","volume":"21","author":"Oh","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B202","first-page":"Sa224","article-title":"Identification and optimization of residues in PTH and PTHrP that determine altered modes of binding to the PTH\/PTHrP receptor","volume":"23","author":"Okazaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2299","article-title":"Heterotrimeric G protein activation by G-protein-coupled receptors","volume":"9","author":"Oldham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6736","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1037343100","article-title":"An EP2 receptor-selective prostaglandin E2 agonist induces bone healing, An EP2 receptor-selective prostaglandin E2 agonist induces bone healing","volume":"100","author":"Paralkar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122425","article-title":"Targeting class A GPCRs for hard tissue regeneration","volume":"304","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8148\u201353","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803261105","article-title":"Predisposition to late-onset obesity in GIRK4 knockout mice","volume":"105","author":"Perry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/317536a0","article-title":"GTP-binding proteins couple cardiac muscarinic receptors to a K channel","volume":"317","author":"Pfaffinger","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-015-2626-5","article-title":"GPR40, a free fatty acid receptor, differentially impacts osteoblast behavior depending on differentiation stage and environment","volume":"412","author":"Philippe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-19-0230","article-title":"The glucocorticoid receptor in osteoprogenitors regulates bone mass and marrow fat","volume":"243","author":"Pierce","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10488","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10488","article-title":"Bone Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Osteoporosis","volume":"5","author":"Pignolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04619-y","article-title":"Structural basis for the tethered peptide activation of adhesion GPCRs","volume":"604","author":"Ping","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0627","article-title":"Calcium sensing receptor activation by calcimimetic R-568 in human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells: correlation with osteogenic differentiation","volume":"23","author":"Pipino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.67.1.653","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptor kinases","volume":"67","author":"Pitcher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1641292","article-title":"Human diseases caused by homozygous PTH1R mutations","volume":"16","author":"Portales-Castillo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181efa8fe","article-title":"The effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2, bone morphogenetic protein-7, parathyroid hormone, and platelet-derived growth factor on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from osteoporotic bone","volume":"24","author":"Pountos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.69.022405.154731","article-title":"Physiological roles of G protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins","volume":"69","author":"Premont","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12070981","article-title":"Aged G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 3 (Grk3)-Deficient Mice Exhibit Enhanced Osteoclastogenesis and Develop Bone Lesions Analogous to Human Paget's Disease of Bone","volume":"12","author":"Rabjohns","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)02646-5","article-title":"Drug therapy for osteoporosis in older adults","volume":"399","author":"Reid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000158287.49872.4e","article-title":"Multi-tasking RGS proteins in the heart: the next therapeutic target?","volume":"96","author":"Riddle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040916","article-title":"Population-based study of age and sex differences in bone volumetric density, size, geometry, and structure at different skeletal sites","volume":"19","author":"Riggs","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13662","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413662","article-title":"Obesity and Bone: A Complex Relationship","volume":"22","author":"Rinonapoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16337","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.006587","article-title":"Homer1 mediates CaSR-dependent activation of mTOR complex 2 and initiates a novel pathway for AKT-dependent \u03b2-catenin stabilization in osteoblasts","volume":"294","author":"Rybchyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108145","article-title":"Identification of a Core Module for Bone Mineral Density through the Integration of a Co-expression Network and GWAS Data","volume":"32","author":"Sabik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"B224","first-page":"687","article-title":"Effect of cannabinoid receptors 1 modulation on osteoporosis in a rat model of different ages","volume":"65","author":"Samir","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1089\/154732804323099208","article-title":"The role of BMP-6, IL-6, and BMP-4 in mesenchymal stem cell-dependent bone development: effects on osteoblastic differentiation induced by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D(3)","volume":"13","author":"Sammons","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2021.101113","article-title":"Protease-activated receptor-2 promotes osteogenesis in skeletal mesenchymal stem cells at the expense of adipogenesis: Involvement of interleukin-6","volume":"15","author":"Sanaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14946","article-title":"Hippocampal long-term synaptic depression and memory deficits induced in early amyloidopathy are prevented by enhancing G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel activity","volume":"153","author":"S\u00e1NCHEZ-Rodr\u00edGUEZ","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.230","article-title":"A comprehensive map of molecular drug targets","volume":"16","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6135","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1805159115","article-title":"Hyperstimulation of CaSR in human MSCs by biomimetic apatite inhibits endochondral ossification via temporal down-regulation of PTH1R","volume":"115","author":"Sarem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2214396119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2214396119","article-title":"Structure-based design of selective, orally available salt-inducible kinase inhibitors that stimulate bone formation in mice","volume":"119","author":"Sato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2004.12.018","article-title":"The GRAFS classification system of G-protein coupled receptors in comparative perspective","volume":"142","author":"Schi\u00f6TH","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0091TR","article-title":"Cyclic AMP: master regulator of innate immune cell function","volume":"39","author":"Serezani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3505","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-225763","article-title":"CXCL12\/CXCR4 signaling in the osteoblast regulates the mesenchymal stem cell and osteoclast lineage populations","volume":"27","author":"Shahnazari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2003.09.008","article-title":"A selective EP4 receptor antagonist abrogates the stimulation of osteoblast recruitment from bone marrow stromal cells by prostaglandin E2 in vivo and in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Shamir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882241","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.882241","article-title":"The Global Burden of Osteoporosis, Low Bone Mass, and Its Related Fracture in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990-2019","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7829\u201334","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.130200197","article-title":"Estrogens suppress RANK ligand-induced osteoclast differentiation via a stromal cell independent mechanism involving c-Jun repression","volume":"97","author":"Shevde","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-121-3-1076","article-title":"Identification and localization of glucagon-like peptide-1 and its receptor in rat brain","volume":"121","author":"Shimizu","year":"1987","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201201606","article-title":"SIRT1 regulates differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by deacetylating \u03b2-catenin","volume":"5","author":"Simic","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4821","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Hip Fractures: Secular Trends in Incidence Rate, Post-Fracture Treatment, and All-Cause Mortality","volume":"38","author":"Sing","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119701","article-title":"Sex steroids and bone mass in older men. Positive associations with serum estrogens and negative associations with androgens","volume":"100","author":"Slemenda","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X18775936","article-title":"The clinical potential of romosozumab for the prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"10","author":"S\u00f8LLING","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20571-2","article-title":"Kisspeptin-10 (KP-10) stimulates osteoblast differentiation through GPR54-mediated regulation of BMP2 expression and activation","volume":"8","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0930","article-title":"The type 2 cannabinoid receptor regulates bone mass and ovariectomy-induced bone loss by affecting osteoblast differentiation and bone formation","volume":"152","author":"Sophocleous","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684658","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1684658","article-title":"G-protein coupled receptors synergy in bone health: new avenues for osteoporosis detection and in vitro modeling","volume":"16","author":"Sopova","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11117","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211117","article-title":"Novel SNP Combination for Predictive Osteoporotic Diagnosis","volume":"26","author":"Sopova","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1836","article-title":"Hormone predictors of bone mineral density changes during the menopausal transition","volume":"91","author":"Sowers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-002-1018-5","article-title":"Regulated expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK's) and beta-arrestins in osteoblasts","volume":"73","author":"Spurney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI14663","article-title":"Anabolic effects of a G protein-coupled receptor kinase inhibitor expressed in osteoblasts","volume":"109","author":"Spurney","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8836","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010764200","article-title":"Estrogen decreases osteoclast formation by down-regulating receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced JNK activation","volume":"276","author":"Srivastava","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.101949","article-title":"Activation of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR133 by antibodies targeting its N-terminus","volume":"298","author":"Stephan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp070171","article-title":"Teriparatide in the treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"65","author":"Stroup","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12282","article-title":"Liraglutide, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has anabolic bone effects in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10855","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27927","article-title":"Loss of Lgr4 inhibits differentiation, migration and apoptosis, and promotes proliferation in bone mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"234","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaz0368","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz0368","article-title":"Regulation of body length and bone mass by Gpr126\/Adgrg6","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0574-6","article-title":"Effects of estrogen therapy on bone marrow adipocytes in postmenopausal osteoporotic women","volume":"19","author":"Syed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"B256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.913752","article-title":"Effects of Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone 1-34 Administration on Circulating Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women","volume":"25","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2022.116391","article-title":"GIRK3 deletion facilitates kappa opioid signaling in chondrocytes, delays vascularization and promotes bone lengthening in mice","volume":"159","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1300","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus","article-title":"Profile of abaloparatide and its potential in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"9","author":"Tella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(26)00011-2","article-title":"A new dawn for osteoporosis drug development","volume":"14","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinol."},{"key":"B259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16128","article-title":"Involvement of CB2 signalling pathway in the development of osteoporosis by regulating the proliferation and differentiation of hBMSCs","volume":"25","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539411","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1539411","article-title":"Semaglutide promotes the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells through activation of the Wnt\/LRP5\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031393","article-title":"Therapeutic Treatments for Osteoporosis-Which Combination of Pills Is the Best among the Bad?","volume":"23","author":"Tonk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae057","article-title":"Oral daily PTH(1-34) tablets (EB613) in postmenopausal women with low BMD or osteoporosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, 6-month, phase 2 study","volume":"39","author":"Tripto-Shkolnik","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3340","article-title":"Imbalanced osteogenesis and adipogenesis in mice deficient in the chemokine Cxcl12\/Sdf1 in the bone mesenchymal stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"33","author":"Tzeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bone Mineral Res."},{"key":"B264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2307353","article-title":"Postmenopausal Osteoporosis","volume":"389","author":"Walker","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2011.00064","article-title":"Targeting GIRK Channels for the Development of New Therapeutic Agents","volume":"2","author":"Walsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040708","article-title":"Unmasking the osteoinductive effects of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase (GRK) inhibitor by treatment with PTH(1-34)","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E826","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00422.2004","article-title":"Targeted overexpression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 in osteoblasts promotes bone loss","volume":"288","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2540","article-title":"Loss of Gi G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Osteoblasts Accelerates Bone Fracture Healing","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1159\/000485776","article-title":"Exendin-4 Induces Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Migration Through Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Polarization via PKA-STAT3 Signaling Pathway","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.5369","article-title":"Restoration of osteogenic differentiation by overexpression of cannabinoid receptor 2 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells isolated from osteoporotic patients","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.08.093","article-title":"Activation of TGR5 promotes osteoblastic cell differentiation and mineralization","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1529-x","article-title":"Dopamine D1 receptor-mediated activation of the ERK signaling pathway is involved in the osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808835","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.808835","article-title":"G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Osteoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02455-w","article-title":"Piezo1 activation suppresses bone marrow adipogenesis to prevent osteoporosis by inhibiting a mechanoinflammatory autocrine loop","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"B275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031311","article-title":"Signaling Pathways Driving MSC Osteogenesis: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Translational Applications","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-025-01409-2","article-title":"Blockade of Gi Signaling Enhances the Anabolic Effect of Parathyroid Hormone in Female Mice","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"B277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04601-1","article-title":"Polygenic risk score-guided personalized osteoporosis screening: a population-based study","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2015.02.009","article-title":"Assessing the osteoblast transcriptome in a model of enhanced bone formation due to constitutive Gs-G protein signaling in osteoblasts","volume":"333","author":"Wattanachanya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Cell. Res."},{"key":"B279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ziae108","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmrpl\/ziae108","article-title":"Girk3 deletion increases osteoblast maturation and bone mass accrual in adult male mice","volume":"8","author":"Weaver","year":"2024","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"B280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a031237","article-title":"Regulation of Bone Remodeling by Parathyroid Hormone","volume":"8","author":"Wein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"B281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.08.004","article-title":"Salt-Inducible Kinases: Physiology, Regulation by cAMP, and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"29","author":"Wein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2006.06.004","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increases the number of rat bone marrow osteogenic stromal cells (BMSC) via binding the EP4 receptor, activating sphingosine kinase and inhibiting caspase activity","volume":"75","author":"Weinreb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prostagl. Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"B283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5077","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.6043","article-title":"Liraglutide exerts a bone-protective effect in ovariectomized rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819801-8.00010-7","article-title":"GPCR Signaling in Ca2+ Homeostasis: The PTH Type I and Calcium-Sensing Receptors","volume-title":"Cellular Endocrinology in Health and Disease","author":"White","year":"2021"},{"key":"B285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.11.17","article-title":"Calcilytics: antagonists of the calcium-sensing receptor for the treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"3","author":"Widler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"B286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2006.11.007","article-title":"Regulators of G protein signalling: a spotlight on emerging functions in the cardiovascular system","volume":"7","author":"Wieland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.37765\/ajmc.2020.43156","article-title":"Economic burden of osteoporotic fractures in US managed care enrollees","volume":"26","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"B288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4153-6","article-title":"Costs of fragility hip fractures globally: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"28","author":"Williamson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"B289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.09.018","article-title":"Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, facilitates osteogenic proliferation and differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)\/protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)1\/2, and cAMP\/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathways involving \u03b2-catenin","volume":"360","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Cell. Res."},{"key":"B290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570685","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1570685","article-title":"Jinkui Shenqi Pill accelerates osteoporotic fracture healing by promoting bone formation through neurosensory PGE2\/EP4\/p-CREB axis","volume":"16","author":"Xi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2025.13760","article-title":"FOXJ3 drives mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation via the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway: A novel regulator implicated in osteoporosis","volume":"33","author":"Xiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-019-00647-5","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y1 Receptor Antagonist Alters Gut Microbiota and Alleviates the Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis in Rats","volume":"106","author":"Xie","year":"","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"B293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3128","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 4 regulates osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of progenitor cells via inactivation of RhoA\/ROCK1\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"38","author":"Xie","year":"","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124004","article-title":"Activating the SDF-1\/CXCR4 axis: Notoginsenoside R1-Functionalized zinc scaffolds accelerate fracture healing and angiogenesis in diabetic osteoporosis","volume":"330","author":"Xie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5603\/fhc.a2021.0020","article-title":"SDF-1\/CXCR4 axis promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs through the JAK2\/STAT3 pathway","volume":"59","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Histochem Cytobiol."},{"key":"B296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-012-1557-4","article-title":"Effect of the calcium sensing receptor on rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation through the ERK1\/2 pathway","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"B297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619301","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.619301","article-title":"The Roles of Epigenetics Regulation in Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153485","article-title":"Icariin stimulates osteogenesis and suppresses adipogenesis of human bone mesenchymal stem cells via miR-23a-mediated activation of the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"85","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1292","article-title":"The murine glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is essential for control of bone resorption","volume":"149","author":"Yamada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjaf181","article-title":"Inactivating GNAS variants impair GPCR signaling and cause multiple suture craniosynostosis in humans and zebrafish","volume":"41","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01034-5","article-title":"Liraglutide increases bone formation and inhibits bone resorption in rats with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"B302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.01.006","article-title":"Identification, structure, and agonist design of an androgen membrane receptor","volume":"188","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-018-0549-y","article-title":"The epidemiology of osteoporosis, associated fragility fractures, and management gap in China","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"B304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.11.012","article-title":"Time-dependent changes in skeletal response to teriparatide: escalating vs. constant dose teriparatide (PTH 1-34) in osteoporotic women","volume":"48","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1663","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone induces differentiation of mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells by enhancing bone morphogenetic protein signaling","volume":"27","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20140668","article-title":"AP2 suppresses osteoblast differentiation and mineralization through down-regulation of Frizzled-1","volume":"465","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122150","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y1 receptor regulates glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of osteoblast differentiation in murine MC3T3-E1 cells via ERK signaling","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Journal Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"B308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10321","article-title":"LGR5 enhances the osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells through the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04567-x","article-title":"Application of the neuropeptide NPVF to enhance angiogenesis and osteogenesis in bone regeneration","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"B310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0090","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0090","article-title":"Repair of osteoporotic bone defects in rats via the Sirtuin 1-Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling Pathway by novel icariin\/porous Magnesium Alloy scaffolds","volume":"28","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials Res."},{"key":"B311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3223","article-title":"Overexpression of G\u03b1s in murine osteoblasts in vivo leads to increased bone mass and decreased bone quality","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.06.112","article-title":"Exendin-4 enhances proliferation of senescent osteoblasts through activation of the IGF-1\/IGF-1R signaling pathway","volume":"516","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.41867","article-title":"F2r negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis through inhibiting the Akt and NF\u03baB signaling pathways","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101522","article-title":"Neural regulation of bone marrow adipose tissue","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01231-6","article-title":"Nanoparticles functionalized with stem cell secretome and CXCR4-overexpressing endothelial membrane for targeted osteoporosis therapy","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01803-6","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): advances in structures, mechanisms, and drug discovery","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04874-6","article-title":"Senescence of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells: a narrative review of mechanisms, functional consequences, and rejuvenation strategies for age-related disorders","volume":"17","author":"Zhang, W.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4736","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.113585","article-title":"The function of GPCRs in different bone cells","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8882429","DOI":"10.1155\/mi\/8882429","article-title":"Dual Roles of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in Bone Remodeling and Pain Management: Bridging the Gap in Osteoarthritis Research","volume":"2025","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"B320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0572","article-title":"Relationship of obesity with osteoporosis","volume":"92","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603873","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2603873","article-title":"The Adenosine A2A Receptor Agonist Accelerates Bone Healing and Adjusts Treg\/Th17 Cell Balance through Interleukin 6","volume":"2020","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8967","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i30.8967","article-title":"Regulation of bone metabolism mediated by \u03b2-adrenergic receptor and its clinical application","volume":"9","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"B323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26794","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.250985","article-title":"Conditional inactivation of the CXCR4 receptor in osteoprecursors reduces postnatal bone formation due to impaired osteoblast development","volume":"286","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2010.0576","article-title":"Purinergic receptors influence the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"21","author":"Zippel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1795445\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T05:24:55Z","timestamp":1780291495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1795445\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":325,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2026.1795445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1795445","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"article-number":"1795445"}}