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Owing to their cargo of parental cel-derived cellular components, exosomes show significant promise as clinical biomarkers. Meanwhile, due to their diverse origins and cargo, exosomes play a dual role in cancer, possessing the capacity to both promote and suppress tumor progression The efficient and rapid isolation and purification of exosomes are foundational for advancing their clinical applications. Additionally, a comprehensive understanding of exosome biogenesis is essential to elucidate their underlying biological functions. However, current knowledge regarding their biological characteristics and functions of action remains limited. This review delves into exosome isolation techniques, the regulatory mechanisms underlying their biogenesis and secretion, and their dual roles in cancer progression, metastasis, and tumor immunity, concluding with a discussion of the challenges and future directions in their clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1825151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T05:37:12Z","timestamp":1787290632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exosomes\u2014nano-messengers in tumors: capturing techniques, birth codes, and functional deciphering"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ying-Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metabolic Dysregulation & Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Henan Province, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Fang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Juan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metabolic Dysregulation & Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.095760","article-title":"Identification of distinct populations of prostasomes that differentially express prostate stem cell ntigen, nnexin A1, and GLIPR2 in humans","volume":"86","author":"Aalberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. 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