{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T05:48:01Z","timestamp":1782712081852,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The central nervous system (CNS), which comprises the brain and spinal cord, serves as the core regulatory hub for maintaining homeostasis and coordinating diverse physiological functions. These functions include interoception, cognition, and social behavior. The intricate architecture and extensive connectivity of the CNS enable integration of multi-system responses, thereby ensuring bodily stability and adaptability. The CNS exerts profound regulatory influences on fundamental life-sustaining processes and higher-order cognitive and social functions. This is mediated by distinct neural circuits and molecular mechanisms. CNS dysfunction is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of neurological disorders (Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, stroke and epilepsy), metabolic diseases (obesity and diabetes), and cardiovascular conditions (hypertension and atherosclerosis). Given the pivotal role of the CNS in both physiological regulation and disease progression, a comprehensive understanding of CNS mechanisms is critical for identifying therapeutic targets. This review systematically examines the regulatory functions of the CNS in physiology and disease. Moreover, this review analyzes the underlying molecular and circuit-level mechanisms, and discusses potential therapeutic strategies. By elucidating the systemic interactions of the CNS, this study aims to highlight its potential as a target for innovative interventions in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1830768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T05:40:20Z","timestamp":1782711620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Central neural circuits and their associated mechanisms of inter-organ crosstalk"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lerui","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine Lu","family":"Salas-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoshi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2025.102300","article-title":"Sustained diabetes remission induced by FGF1 involves a shift in transcriptionally distinct AgRP neuron subpopulations","volume":"103","author":"Aalling","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.06.029","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus-progress and opportunities in the evolving epidemic","volume":"187","author":"Abel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-00275-6","article-title":"Hypothalamic perineuronal net assembly is required for sustained diabetes remission induced by fibroblast growth factor 1 in rats","volume":"2","author":"Alonge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.01.027","article-title":"Catecholamine influences on dorsolateral prefrontal cortical networks","volume":"69","author":"Arnsten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8678","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2067-12.2013","article-title":"Suppression of serotonin neuron firing increases aggression in mice","volume":"33","author":"Audero","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01129.2015","article-title":"Robust modulation of arousal regulation, performance, and frontostriatal activity through central thalamic deep brain stimulation in healthy nonhuman Primates","volume":"116","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07922-y","article-title":"Pathogenic hypothalamic extracellular matrix promotes metabolic disease","volume":"633","author":"Beddows","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.09.011","article-title":"Neural circuits of interoception","volume":"44","author":"Berntson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.06.004","article-title":"Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: multiple triggers with a common mechanism","volume":"76","author":"Block","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw090","article-title":"KCTD12 auxiliary proteins modulate kinetics of GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition in cholecystokinin-containing interneurons","volume":"27","author":"Booker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5979","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50166-7","article-title":"Astrocytic metabolic control of orexinergic activity in the lateral hypothalamus regulates sleep and wake architecture","volume":"15","author":"Braga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obmed.2024.100569","article-title":"Hunting for heroes: brain neurons mediating GLP-1R agonists in obesity treatment","volume":"52","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadq3874","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adq3874","article-title":"Rescue-like behavior in a bystander mouse toward anesthetized conspecifics promotes arousal via a tongue-brain connection","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01207-y","article-title":"Dorsal striatal dopamine induces fronto-cortical hypoactivity and attenuates anxiety and compulsive behaviors in rats","volume":"47","author":"Casado-Sainz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17034","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2017.34","article-title":"Abnormal subchondral bone remodeling and its association with articular cartilage degradation in knees of type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.01.078","article-title":"Dissonant representations of visual space in prefrontal cortex during eye movements","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.10.007","article-title":"The emerging science of interoception: Sensing, integrating, interpreting, and regulating signals within the self","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54604-4","article-title":"Synaptotagmin-11 deficiency mediates schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice via dopamine over-transmission","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1177\/1534582305285861","article-title":"Auditory processing in the posterior parietal cortex","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Cogn. Neurosci. Rev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00571.2019","article-title":"Oxytocin increases inhibitory synaptic transmission and blocks development of long-term potentiation in the lateral amygdala","volume":"123","author":"Crane","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30356-4","article-title":"The gut microbiome in neurological disorders","volume":"19","author":"Cryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4350","article-title":"Insulin action and resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Czech","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230243","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0243","article-title":"Sensing, feeling and consciousness","volume":"379","author":"Damasio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2316365121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2316365121","article-title":"Single neurons in the thalamus and subthalamic nucleus process cardiac and respiratory signals in humans","volume":"121","author":"De Falco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12982","article-title":"Circuit dynamics of adaptive and maladaptive behaviour","volume":"505","author":"Deisseroth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-01014-x","article-title":"Immune proteins C1q and CD47 May contribute to aberrant microglia-mediated synapse loss in the aging monkey brain that is associated with cognitive impairment","volume":"46","author":"Devries","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00062.2017","article-title":"Brain glucose metabolism: integration of energetics with function","volume":"99","author":"Dienel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22301-1","article-title":"Loss of microglial SIRP\u03b1 promotes synaptic pruning in preclinical models of neurodegeneration","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105314","article-title":"The impact of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on alzheimer's disease pathophysiology","volume":"164","author":"Doifode","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12518","article-title":"Social reward requires coordinated activity of nucleus accumbens oxytocin and serotonin","volume":"501","author":"D\u00f6LEN","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.05.002","article-title":"NMDA receptor functions in health and disease: old actor, new dimensions","volume":"111","author":"Dupuis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04518-2","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of human and mouse white adipose tissue","volume":"603","author":"Emont","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh7906","article-title":"Defining microglial-synapse interactions","volume":"381","author":"Eyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0300","article-title":"Predictive coding under the free-energy principle","volume":"364","author":"Friston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00507-y","article-title":"Mechanisms governing activity-dependent synaptic pruning in the developing Mammalian CNS","volume":"22","author":"Faust","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24526","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922477117","article-title":"Distance-dependent regulation of NMDAR nanoscale organization along hippocampal neuron dendrites","volume":"117","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.04.070","article-title":"Oxytocin signaling in the central amygdala modulates emotion discrimination in mice","volume":"29","author":"Ferretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-102320-102847","article-title":"Oxytocin, neural plasticity, and social behavior","volume":"44","author":"Froemke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.01.009","article-title":"Stress impairs prefrontal cortical function via D1 dopamine receptor interactions with hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels","volume":"78","author":"Gamo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1895-7","article-title":"Clonally expanded CD8 T cells patrol the cerebrospinal fluid in alzheimer's disease","volume":"577","author":"Gate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2015.11.012","article-title":"Gut microbiome in health and disease: linking the microbiome-gut-brain axis and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of systemic and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"158","author":"Ghaisas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2024.05.008","article-title":"Emerging modes of regulation of neuromodulatory G protein-coupled receptors","volume":"47","author":"Gonzalez-Hernandez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14091279","article-title":"Unraveling the bone\u2013brain communication network","volume":"14","author":"Hansda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-018-0019-6","article-title":"Paracrine and endocrine actions of bone-the functions of secretory proteins from osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa179","article-title":"Impaired glymphatic function and clearance of tau in an alzheimer's disease model","volume":"143","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.05.002","article-title":"Cholinergic modulation of the immune system presents new approaches for treating inflammation","volume":"179","author":"Hoover","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-024-01004-4","article-title":"Body\u2013brain axis: orchestrating immune responses","volume":"34","author":"Hosang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.024","article-title":"Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"155","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01290-y","article-title":"Emergence of consciousness from anesthesia through ubiquitin degradation of KCC2 in the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13789","article-title":"Glymphatic system dysfunction predicts amyloid deposition, neurodegeneration, and clinical progression in alzheimer's disease","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-025-07695-0","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation ameliorates heart failure with preserved ejection fraction through regulating macrophage polarization mediated by Alpha7nAChR","volume":"40","author":"Huo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8831","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0901-19.2019","article-title":"Spatial coupling tunes NMDA receptor responses via Ca(2+) diffusion","volume":"39","author":"Iacobucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17557","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417557","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-Oxide as a mediator linking peripheral to central inflammation: an In Vitro study","volume":"24","author":"Janeiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat5236","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat5236","article-title":"A gut-brain neural circuit for nutrient sensory transduction","volume":"361","author":"Kaelberer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491952","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1491952","article-title":"Neurovascular unit, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers in brain disorders","volume":"18","author":"Kempuraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00625-0","article-title":"Control of lymphocyte functions by gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.222778","article-title":"Advanced in vitro approach to study neurovascular coupling mechanisms in the brain microcirculation","volume":"590","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adj2537","article-title":"GLP-1 increases preingestive satiation via hypothalamic circuits in mice and humans","volume":"385","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8817","article-title":"Fear balance is maintained by bodily feedback to the Insular cortex in mice","volume":"374","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.12.012","article-title":"Why does obesity cause diabetes?","volume":"34","author":"Klein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-018-0759-x","article-title":"GTS-21 protected against LPS-induced sepsis myocardial injury in mice through \u03b17nAChR","volume":"41","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.02.005","article-title":"Neuro-immune mechanisms regulating social behavior: dopamine as mediator?","volume":"42","author":"Kopec","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80944","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.80944","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation stimulates PKA-Mediated phosphorylation of raptor and this contributes to the weight loss effect of liraglutide","volume":"12","author":"Le","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13078","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2002737117","article-title":"Multiple areas of the cerebral cortex influence the stomach","volume":"117","author":"Levinthal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00872-4","article-title":"Thicker perineuronal nets disrupt insulin signalling","volume":"25","author":"Lewis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.06.003","article-title":"Optogenetic vagal nerve stimulation attenuates heart failure by limiting the generation of monocyte-derived inflammatory CCRL2(+) macrophages","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590556","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1590556","article-title":"The role of orexin and MCH neurons in the hypothalamus in sleep-wake regulation and learning-forgetting balance","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.06.035","article-title":"Cell-type-directed network-correcting combination therapy for alzheimer's disease","volume":"188","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.07.002","article-title":"Brain ischemia causes systemic Notch1 activity in endothelial cells to drive atherosclerosis","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.7518\/hxkq.2022.06.003","article-title":"Microglia activation and temporal changes in rat model of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"40","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111116","article-title":"Gut commensal Agathobacter rectalis alleviates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation against pathogenesis of alzheimer disease","volume":"27","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.08.001","article-title":"A membrane-bound diacylglycerol species induces PKC\u03f5-Mediated hepatic insulin resistance","volume":"32","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadx7729","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.adx7729","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum enhances amphetamine-induced behavioral responses through a butyrate-driven epigenetic mechanism","volume":"18","author":"Mabry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.03.009","article-title":"Nanoscale scaffolding domains within the postsynaptic density concentrate synaptic AMPA receptors","volume":"78","author":"Macgillavry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/s1044-5323(02)00125-2","article-title":"The role of MCP-1 (CCL2) and CCR2 in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)","volume":"15","author":"Mahad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.150113","article-title":"Tirzepatide reverses hypothalamic inflammation, cellular stress, and neuropeptide imbalance in metabolic-menopausal dysfunction","volume":"1872","author":"Marinho","year":"2026","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199906243402507","article-title":"Molecular basis of the neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"340","author":"Martin","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3071","article-title":"Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut\u2013brain communication","volume":"12","author":"Mayer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0948-2","article-title":"Sleep modulates haematopoiesis and protects against atherosclerosis","volume":"566","author":"Mcalpine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-052220-010446","article-title":"Central nervous system control of glucose homeostasis: a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes?","volume":"62","author":"Mirzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112844","article-title":"The non-specific matrix thalamus facilitates the cortical information processing modes relevant for conscious awareness","volume":"42","author":"M\u00fcLLER","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1447242025","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1447-24.2025","article-title":"The functional anatomy of nociception: effective connectivity in chronic pain and placebo response","volume":"45","author":"Nara","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13227","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1916646117","article-title":"Activity-dependent myelination: a glial mechanism of oscillatory self-organization in large-scale brain networks","volume":"117","author":"Noori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.10.036","article-title":"Neocortical dynamics due to axon propagation delays in cortico-cortical fibers: EEG traveling and standing waves with implications for top-down influences on local networks and white matter disease","volume":"1542","author":"Nunez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0151-3","article-title":"Embracing diversity in the 5-HT neuronal system","volume":"20","author":"Okaty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202529","article-title":"Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development","volume":"333","author":"Paolicelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311054","article-title":"Brain perivascular macrophages initiate the neurovascular dysfunction of alzheimer A\u03b2 peptides","volume":"121","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00703-x","article-title":"Regulation of common neurological disorders by gut microbial metabolites","volume":"53","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01818-w","article-title":"Microglia as hunters or gatherers of brain synapses","volume":"28","author":"Pereira-Iglesias","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.02.013","article-title":"A heart-brain-spleen axis controls cardiac remodeling to hypertensive stress","volume":"58","author":"Perrotta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0483-3","article-title":"A repeated molecular architecture across thalamic pathways","volume":"22","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.019","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid immune dysregulation during healthy brain aging and cognitive impairment","volume":"185","author":"Piehl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14030238","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila is beneficial to a mouse model of parkinson's disease, via alleviated neuroinflammation and promoted neurogenesis, with involvement of SCFAs","volume":"14","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05428-w","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of sodium butyrate in neurological and psychiatric disorders","volume":"63","author":"Rahmani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.01.005","article-title":"Thalamus modulates consciousness via layer-specific control of cortex","volume":"106","author":"Redinbaugh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1676-21.2021","article-title":"KCTD8 and KCTD12 facilitate axonal expression of GABA(B) receptors in habenula cholinergic neurons","volume":"42","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8717","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0316-19.2019","article-title":"Insular cortex projections to nucleus accumbens core mediate social approach to stressed juvenile rats","volume":"39","author":"Rogers-Carter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4106","article-title":"Type I interferons and microbial metabolites of tryptophan modulate astrocyte activity and central nervous system inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"22","author":"Rothhammer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0125-8","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: an environmental sensor integrating immune responses in health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Rothhammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.06.002","article-title":"Cerebral microvascular injury: a potentially treatable endophenotype of traumatic brain injury-induced neurodegeneration","volume":"103","author":"Sandsmark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01791-4","article-title":"Astrocyte transcriptomic changes along the spatiotemporal progression of alzheimer's disease","volume":"27","author":"Serrano-Pozo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac023","article-title":"The significance of hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis for the pathogenesis of obesity in humans","volume":"44","author":"Sewaybricker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-00989-x","article-title":"Osteocyte-derived sclerostin impairs cognitive function during ageing and alzheimer's disease progression","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37533-6","article-title":"Sialidases and fucosidases of Akkermansia muciniphila are crucial for growth on mucin and nutrient sharing with mucus-associated gut bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Shuoker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e143775","DOI":"10.1172\/jci143775","article-title":"Neurodegenerative disorders and gut-brain interactions","volume":"131","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db25-1968-lb","article-title":"1968-LB: MWN105\u2014A next-generation GLP-1\/GIP\/FGF21 agonist for the treatment of NASH","volume":"74","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2024.02.006","article-title":"Neurobiological basis of emergence from anesthesia","volume":"47","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01563-4","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway in carcinogenesis and cancer therapy","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.10.013","article-title":"Disruption of oligodendrogenesis impairs memory consolidation in adult mice","volume":"105","author":"Steadman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.222","article-title":"Vascular dysfunction-the disregarded partner of alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Sweeney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-023-00744-3","article-title":"Neuron-oligodendroglial interactions in health and malignant disease","volume":"24","author":"Taylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04760-8","article-title":"Molecularly defined circuits for cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary control","volume":"606","author":"Veerakumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105886","article-title":"Is chronic pain caused by central sensitization? A review and critical point of view","volume":"167","author":"Velasco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2016","article-title":"Physiology of astroglia","volume":"98","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01348-8","article-title":"Neural circuits regulating prosocial behaviors","volume":"48","author":"Walsh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-042222-023455","article-title":"The coding logic of interoception","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.08.004","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles mediate the communication of adipose tissue with brain and promote cognitive impairment associated with insulin resistance","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwad026","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Protein Cell."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2025.107224","article-title":"Central integration mechanisms of neurovascular unit dysfunction and novel synergistic therapeutic strategies","volume":"218","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09120-w","article-title":"Gut inflammation promotes microbiota-specific CD4 T cell-mediated neuroinflammation","volume":"643","author":"White","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab103","article-title":"CD4 T cells mediate brain inflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of parkinson's disease","volume":"144","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.06.008","article-title":"Neural basis of prosocial behavior","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145708009024","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors up-regulate astrocyte GDNF and BDNF gene transcription and protect dopaminergic neurons","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0337924","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03379-24","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-Induced mouse models of parkinson's disease","volume":"13","author":"XI","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.10.001","article-title":"The gut-to-brain axis for toxin-induced defensive responses","volume":"185","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02678-6","article-title":"Lactate attenuates astrocytic inflammation by inhibiting ubiquitination and degradation of NDRG2 under oxygen-glucose deprivation conditions","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114374","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila protects against dopamine neurotoxicity by modulating butyrate to inhibit microglia-mediated neuroinflammation","volume":"152","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01869-7","article-title":"Neuronal signals regulate obesity induced \u03b2-cell proliferation by FoxM1 dependent mechanism","volume":"8","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.01.022","article-title":"Hypothalamic neurons that mirror aggression","volume":"186","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.046","article-title":"Social control of hypothalamus-mediated Male aggression","volume":"95","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05057-6","article-title":"Transformations of neural representations in a social behaviour network","volume":"608","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05395-6","article-title":"Hypothalamic glucose-sensing mechanisms","volume":"64","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4466","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03326-13","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids from periodontal pathogens suppress histone deacetylases, EZH2, and SUV39H1 to promote Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication","volume":"88","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1673-3","article-title":"HMGB1\/RAGE axis mediates stress-induced RVLM neuroinflammation in mice via impairing mitophagy flux in microglia","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271613","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2271613","article-title":"Gut microbiome-targeted therapies for alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-025-00715-3","article-title":"First-in-Human study on tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single escalating doses of HEC88473, a novel dual GLP-1 and FGF21 receptor agonist in healthy and Obese Chinese subjects","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.12.003","article-title":"Tuning neural circuits and behaviors by microglia in the adult brain","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac174","article-title":"Neurovascular coupling mechanisms in health and neurovascular uncoupling in alzheimer's disease","volume":"145","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1830768\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T05:40:23Z","timestamp":1782711623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1830768\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":138,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2026.1830768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1830768","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"article-number":"1830768"}}