{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T12:26:15Z","timestamp":1788006375618,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral squamous cell carcinoma poses a significant global health burden, with over 370,000 annual cases and poor 5-year survival rates of 50%\u201360%, driven by risk factors like tobacco and alcohol. Despite advances in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, functional morbidity and resistance necessitate precision immuno-oncology approaches. This review explores the tumour immune microenvironment in oral squamous cell carcinoma, characterized by immunosuppressive elements like M2 macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and regulatory T cells, alongside spatial heterogeneity that complicates therapy. Biomarkers for patient selection include programmed death-ligand1 expression (via combined positive scoring), tumour mutational burden, neoantigen load, interferon-gamma-\u03b3 signatures, cytolytic scores, peripheral circulating tumour DNA, and single-cell\/spatial profiling, though standardization remains critical. Immunotherapy has transformed oral squamous cell carcinoma management, with programmed cell death protein-1 inhibitors like nivolumab and pembrolizumab showing survival benefits in trials, particularly in programmed cell death protein-L1-positive cases. Emerging strategies encompass next-generation checkpoints (Lymphocyte activation gene-3, T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains, OX40), personalized neoantigen vaccines, adoptive cell therapies (Tumour-Infiltrating Lymphocytes, Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy), and rational combinations to counter resistance. Nanomedicine platforms\u2014liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, gold-based systems\u2014enhance drug delivery, reprogram the Tumour and immune microenvironment, and enable chemo-immuno-photothermal synergies, addressing mucosal barriers and toxicity. Future priorities include biomarker validation via prospective registries, scalable Good Manufacturing Practice nanoplatforms, AI-driven multi-omic modeling, and federated learning for predictive analytics. By integrating tumour genomics, immune profiling, and advanced delivery, precision immuno-oncology holds promise to improve response rates, durability, and quality of life in oral squamous cell carcinoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1839508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:47:49Z","timestamp":1780462069000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Precision immuno-oncology in oral cancer: latest trends in biomarkers, novel drug development and nanoparticle-based therapeutic platforms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dominic","family":"Augustine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences","place":["Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samudrala Venkatesiah","family":"Sowmya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences","place":["Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Pushpalatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences","place":["Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavitha","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences","place":["Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajira","family":"Khatoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences","place":["Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596583","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1596583","article-title":"Advances and challenges in immunotherapy in head and neck cancer","volume":"16","author":"Aboaid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. 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