{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:02:30Z","timestamp":1780470150257,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The retina and optic nerve rely on a tightly regulated neurovascular unit that sustains the highly dynamic and metabolically demanding neural tissues required for vision. Adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery are essential for maintaining tissue function and cellular survival. Over the past decades, extensive research within and beyond the field of ophthalmology has sought to elucidate the mechanisms that govern neurovascular regulation in health and disease. Growing evidence indicates that neurovascular dysfunction plays an important role in both the initiation and progression of glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Alterations in vascular architecture and blood flow may compromise the metabolic support required by retinal ganglion cells, increasing their vulnerability to injury and degeneration. While neurons possess limited regenerative capacity, the vascular system retains a remarkable degree of plasticity and is therefore amenable to repair. This vascular plasticity presents an opportunity to develop therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring vascular architecture and improving blood flow, complementing existing approaches focused on intraocular pressure reduction, neuroprotection, axonal regeneration, and\/or neuronal transplantation. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of neurovascular function in the healthy eye, discuss mechanisms that contribute to vascular compromise in glaucoma, and highlight emerging avenues for promoting vascular regeneration and blood flow recovery. By identifying key knowledge gaps and future research priorities, we aim to outline promising directions for targeting the ocular neurovasculature to preserve retinal ganglion cell function and slow or stop progressive vision loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1851815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:06:49Z","timestamp":1780466809000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vascular regeneration and blood flow recovery in glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Susannah","family":"Waxman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite de Montreal","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Di Polo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite de Montreal","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04709-x","article-title":"Revival of light signalling in the postmortem mouse and human retina","volume":"606","author":"Abbas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2009.11.004","article-title":"Roles of endothelin-1 and selected proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: analysis of vitreous samples","volume":"49","author":"Adamiec-Mroczek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2110329119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2110329119","article-title":"Pericyte dysfunction and loss of interpericyte tunneling nanotubes promote neurovascular deficits in glaucoma","volume":"119","author":"Alarcon-Martinez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2023.101217","article-title":"Neurovascular dysfunction in glaucoma","volume":"97","author":"Alarcon-Martinez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5933","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06232-3","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s disease and neurovascular structure of retina","volume":"43","author":"Amini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(76)90414-1","article-title":"Reevaluation of the optic disk vasculature","volume":"82","author":"Anderson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1653708","article-title":"Role of platelet-derived growth factors in physiology and medicine","volume":"22","author":"Andrae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101303","article-title":"The relationship between intraocular pressure and glaucoma: an evolving concept","volume":"103","author":"Asrani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115301","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) delivery approaches in regenerative medicine","volume":"166","author":"Beheshtizadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-025-03773-2","article-title":"New trends in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma: a critical review","volume":"45","author":"Bilal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.08.007","article-title":"Enhancing microvascular formation and vessel maturation through temporal control over multiple pro-angiogenic and pro-maturation factors","volume":"34","author":"Brudno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15120619","article-title":"Gene therapy for inherited retinal disease: current strategies, personalized medicine, and future implications-A comprehensive review","volume":"15","author":"Butt","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01892-y","article-title":"Retinal cytoarchitecture is preserved in an organotypic perfused human and porcine eye model","volume":"12","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100661","article-title":"Associations of retinal microvascular density and fractal dimension with glaucoma: a prospective study from UK Biobank","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Sci."},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"2026"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04104-2","article-title":"Three-dimensional characterization of developing and adult ocular vasculature in mice using in toto clearing","volume":"5","author":"Darche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05401-0","article-title":"Light sheet fluorescence microscopy of cleared human eyes","volume":"6","author":"Darche","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0173(00)00043-6","article-title":"Evidence that Alzheimer\u2019s disease is a microvascular disorder: the role of constitutive nitric oxide","volume":"34","author":"de la Torre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.2.24","article-title":"Microvascular volume loss exceeds nerve fiber layer but not neuroretinal rim tissue loss during progression of nonhuman primate experimental glaucoma","volume":"67","author":"Dunn","year":"2026","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02844-y","article-title":"The struggle to make CNS axons regenerate: why has it been so difficult?","volume":"45","author":"Fawcett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45223","DOI":"10.31083\/jin45223","article-title":"Mechanisms of astrocyte action in the blood brain barrier: from structural support to dynamic regulation","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.12.032","article-title":"VEGF-A is necessary and sufficient for retinal neuroprotection in models of experimental glaucoma","volume":"182","author":"Foxton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.04.049","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a neurovascular disease","volume":"1398","author":"Garbuzova-Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04521-7","article-title":"Single-cell dissection of the human brain vasculature","volume":"603","author":"Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.24.2.109.8164","article-title":"Influence of diffuse luminance flicker on choroidal and optic nerve head blood flow","volume":"24","author":"Garh\u00f6fer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.11.013","article-title":"Diffuse luminance flicker increases blood flow in major retinal arteries and veins","volume":"44","author":"Garh\u00f6fer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2007.10.019","article-title":"Angiopoietin-1 prevents VEGF-induced endothelial permeability by sequestering Src through mDia","volume":"14","author":"Gavard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4161\/org.4.4.7414","article-title":"VEGF and endothelial guidance in angiogenic sprouting","volume":"4","author":"Gerhardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702639","article-title":"First-line therapy with latanoprost 0.005% results in improved ocular circulation in newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma patients: a prospective, 6-month, open-label study","volume":"22","author":"Gherghel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"B30","article-title":"Perfuse therapeutics announces positive results from phase 2 clinical trials in glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy patients","volume-title":"Perfuse Therapeutics","author":"Gray","year":"2025"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01954-3","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of laser speckle flowgraphy in glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/s1350-9462(01)00004-0","article-title":"The blood supply of the optic nerve head and the evaluation of it - myth and reality","volume":"20","author":"Hayreh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3737","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1138","article-title":"Endothelin-1-mediated signaling in the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in astrocytes","volume":"48","author":"He","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78281-0_7","article-title":"PDGF and vessel maturation","volume":"180","author":"Hellberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Recent Results Cancer Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.14.3047","article-title":"Role of PDGF-B and PDGFR-Beta in recruitment of vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes during embryonic blood vessel formation in the mouse","volume":"126","author":"Hellstr\u00f6m","year":"1999","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.12.030","article-title":"Ganglion cell complex thickness and macular vessel density loss in primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"127","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.030","article-title":"The neurovascular unit coming of age: a journey through neurovascular coupling in health and disease","volume":"96","author":"Iadecola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05258-4","article-title":"Retinal blood flow velocity change in parafoveal capillary after topical tafluprost treatment in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"7","author":"Iida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35683-y","article-title":"Evaluation of optic nerve head blood flow in response to increase of intraocular pressure","volume":"8","author":"Iwase","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10242","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.18.10242","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor: direct neuroprotective effect in in vitro ischemia","volume":"97","author":"Jin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6599","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12206599","article-title":"Trabecular meshwork movement controls distal valves and chambers: new glaucoma medical and surgical targets","volume":"12","author":"Johnstone","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23183","article-title":"Microvascular density is associated with retinal ganglion cell axonal volume in the laminar compartments of the human optic nerve head","volume":"59","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12439","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0434-06.2006","article-title":"Human vascular endothelial growth factor protects axotomized retinal ganglion cells in vivo by activating ERK-1\/2 and Akt pathways","volume":"26","author":"Kilic","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0042-2","article-title":"Normal tension glaucoma: review of current understanding and mechanisms of the pathogenesis","volume":"32","author":"Killer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-23872","article-title":"The impact of intraocular pressure elevation on optic nerve head and choroidal blood flow","volume":"59","author":"Kiyota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001912","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001912","article-title":"Schlemm\u2019s canal is a unique vessel with a combination of blood vascular and lymphatic phenotypes that forms by a novel developmental process","volume":"12","author":"Kizhatil","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B47","first-page":"PB0046","article-title":"Light sheet fluorescence microscopy of cleared human orbital arteries","volume":"65","author":"Krasniqi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57583-w","article-title":"Correlation between blood flow on optic nerve head and structural and functional changes in eyes with glaucoma","volume":"10","author":"Kuroda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000381096","article-title":"Remodeling of cerebral microcirculation after ischemia-reperfusion","volume":"52","author":"Lapi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8429","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging indicates decreased choroidal and retinal blood flow in the DBA\/2J mouse model of glaucoma","volume":"53","author":"Lavery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"061006","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4054056","article-title":"A workflow for three-dimensional reconstruction and quantification of the monkey optic nerve head vascular network","volume":"144","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02249-0","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.1.48","article-title":"Factors for glaucoma progression and the effect of treatment: the early manifest glaucoma trial: the early manifest glaucoma trial","volume":"121","author":"Leske","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2022.106187","article-title":"Platelet-derived growth factor signalling in neurovascular function and disease","volume":"145","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20944","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71888-0","article-title":"Microvascular and cellular dysfunctions in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an integrative analysis perspective","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(76)90489-x","article-title":"Histologic studies of the vasculature of the anterior optic nerve","volume":"82","author":"Lieberman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.08.019","article-title":"Neurovascular abnormalities in humans and mice with Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"250","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.03.010","article-title":"Sequential release of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor at the appropriate time for improved angiogenesis","volume":"196","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699876","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1699876","article-title":"A Mobile system for whole eye perfusion supporting retinal function and surgery","volume":"13","author":"Lohss","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1177\/10430342251379824","article-title":"Update on gene therapy clinical trials for eye diseases","volume":"36","author":"Lonfat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.5.1","article-title":"The robust Lamina cribrosa vasculature: perfusion and oxygenation under elevated intraocular pressure","volume":"65","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23088","article-title":"Effects of vascular endothelial growth factor in ischemic stroke","volume":"90","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3129\/i08-042","article-title":"Vascular anatomy of the optic nerve head","volume":"43","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B64","first-page":"3322","article-title":"PER-001, an endothelin antagonist, increased optic nerve head blood flow with structural and functional improvements in patients with glaucoma","volume":"66","author":"Mansberger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17827","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110533108","article-title":"Oxygen modulation of neurovascular coupling in the retina","volume":"108","author":"Mishra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03491-w","article-title":"Impact of anti-VEGF treatment on development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in routine clinical practice","volume":"24","author":"Moshfeghi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23149-0","article-title":"Laser speckle flowgraphy derived characteristics of optic nerve head perfusion in normal tension glaucoma and healthy individuals: a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Mursch-Edlmayr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073786","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.1073786","article-title":"Selective vulnerability of the intermediate retinal capillary plexus precedes retinal ganglion cell loss in ocular hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Pitale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2023.101232","article-title":"IOP and glaucoma damage: the essential role of optic nerve head and retinal mechanosensors","volume":"99","author":"Pitha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.10.004","article-title":"Autoregulation and neurovascular coupling in the optic nerve head","volume":"61","author":"Prada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1981.03930010635009","article-title":"Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma. II. The site of injury and susceptibility to damage: II. The site of injury and susceptibility to damage","volume":"99","author":"Quigley","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2165\/00063030-200721030-00004","article-title":"Rho GTPase\/Rho kinase inhibition as a novel target for the treatment of glaucoma","volume":"21","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01859-z","article-title":"Evaluation of Rho kinase inhibitor effects on neuroprotection and neuroinflammation in an ex-vivo retinal explant model","volume":"12","author":"Reboussin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29726-7","article-title":"Development of an inducible anti-VEGF rAAV gene therapy strategy for the treatment of wet AMD","volume":"8","author":"Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B75","first-page":"34","article-title":"Autoregulation of retinal circulation in response to decrease of perfusion pressure","volume":"21","author":"Riva","year":"1981","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.07.002","article-title":"Visually evoked hemodynamical response and assessment of neurovascular coupling in the optic nerve and retina","volume":"24","author":"Riva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"B77","first-page":"603","article-title":"Memoire sur le develloppment, la structure et les propietes physiologiques des capillaries senguins et lymphatiques","volume":"5","author":"Rouget","year":"1873","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Norm. Pathol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1890.sp000321","article-title":"On the regulation of the blood-supply of the brain","volume":"11","author":"Roy","year":"1890","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8237","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12581","article-title":"Morphology and topography of retinal pericytes in the living mouse retina using in vivo adaptive optics imaging and ex vivo characterization","volume":"54","author":"Schallek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731614","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.731614","article-title":"Retinal vasculopathy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2015.1127974","article-title":"Optic nerve head blood flow, as measured by laser speckle flowgraphy, is significantly reduced in preperimetric glaucoma","volume":"41","author":"Shiga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50512-7","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of advanced glaucoma: ten year follow-up cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.02.003","article-title":"Biomechanics of the optic nerve head","volume":"88","author":"Sigal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2147\/eb.s299423","article-title":"Retinal damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: underlying mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Soldatov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/63.8.841","article-title":"VEGF-A angiogenesis induces a stable neovasculature in adult murine brain. J. Neuropathol","volume":"63","author":"Stiver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2017.02.005","article-title":"Biomechanical aspects of axonal damage in glaucoma: a brief review","volume":"157","author":"Stowell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics1030220","article-title":"Basic technology and clinical applications of the updated model of laser speckle flowgraphy to ocular diseases","volume":"1","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photonics"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140172010","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor is sufficient to produce Iris neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma in a nonhuman primate","volume":"114","author":"Tolentino","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(98)92782-8","article-title":"Increased level of vascular endothelial growth factor in aqueous humor of patients with neovascular glaucoma","volume":"105","author":"Tripathi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11093-2_1","article-title":"Pericytes in the retina","volume":"1122","author":"Trost","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI15621","article-title":"Recombinant angiopoietin-1 restores higher-order architecture of growing blood vessels in mice in the absence of mural cells","volume":"110","author":"Uemura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2022.11.010","article-title":"Retinal vessels as a window on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathophysiology: a systematic review","volume":"179","author":"Vautier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. Paris."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8303","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10911","article-title":"Anterior and posterior optic nerve head blood flow in nonhuman primate experimental glaucoma model measured by laser speckle imaging technique and microsphere method","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s307335","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of VEGF-A nanofiber membrane and FAAH inhibitor URB597 against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced ischemic neuronal injury","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-023-00820-y","article-title":"Rho-kinase inhibitors as emerging targets for glaucoma therapy","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00452","article-title":"The neurovascular unit in glaucomatous neurodegeneration","volume":"8","author":"Wareham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16051","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73032-0","article-title":"Full-field flicker evoked changes in parafoveal retinal blood flow","volume":"10","author":"Warner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23075","article-title":"High-resolution, three-dimensional reconstruction of the outflow tract demonstrates segmental differences in cleared eyes","volume":"59","author":"Waxman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108916","article-title":"Lamina cribrosa vessel and collagen beam networks are distinct","volume":"215","author":"Waxman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"B100","first-page":"PP009","article-title":"High-resolution 3D imaging of the optically cleared ONH reveals the intact structure of collagen and vascular networks","volume":"66","author":"Waxman","year":"","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101375","article-title":"Pericytes in the optic nerve head","volume":"107","author":"Waxman","year":"","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7651","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1464-20.2020","article-title":"A window of vascular plasticity coupled to behavioral recovery after stroke","volume":"40","author":"Williamson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-325746","article-title":"Longitudinal OCTA vessel density loss in macula and optic nerve head in healthy, glaucoma suspect and established glaucoma eyes","volume":"109","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.08.041","article-title":"Relationship between optical coherence tomography angiography vessel density and severity of visual field loss in glaucoma","volume":"123","author":"Yarmohammadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B105","first-page":"923","article-title":"A novel ex-vivo model for studying early pressure-induced retinal and optic nerve head responses in the human eye","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977725","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.977725","article-title":"PDGF-BB signaling via PDGFR-\u03b2 regulates the maturation of blood vessels generated upon vasculogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e07894","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202507894","article-title":"Microglia drive peripapillary vascular density reduction in normal tension glaucoma by regulating the Rpl17\/Stat5b\/Apoa1 axis","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh.)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1851815\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:06:52Z","timestamp":1780466812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1851815\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2026.1851815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1851815","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"article-number":"1851815"}}