{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T06:21:25Z","timestamp":1783405285828,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["953201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["953201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016036","name":"Health\u223cHolland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The intestinal mucosa plays a vital role in nutrient absorption, drug metabolism, and pathogen defence. Advances in single-cell technologies have highlighted the specialised roles of various cell types that execute these diverse functions. Beyond intestinal epithelial cells, fibroblasts regulate the extracellular matrix (ECM) and modulate pro-inflammatory signalling, while antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) maintain intestinal homeostasis and immune responses. However, the incorporation of such cellular complexity within existing\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      models of the human intestine is currently lacking.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a human intestinal co-culture model that incrementally mimics the mucosal cellular environment, comprising intestinal epithelial cells, intestinal fibroblasts, and antigen-presenting cells. The model incorporated co-cultures of both adult and foetal cells to facilitate studies of intestinal development, barrier function, inflammation, and viral infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We successfully established an advanced multi-cellular intestinal co-culture model that recapitulates key features of the native mucosal environment. This model demonstrated the capacity for ECM deposition, Paneth cell differentiation, and functional immune interactions. Notably, the co-culture system effectively modelled immune responses during viral infections, demonstrating the utility of incorporating multiple cell types and developmental stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our co-culture model improves the physiological relevance of in vitro studies by incorporating multi-cellular complexity previously lacking in existing systems. This advancement enables the exploration of epithelial-mesenchymal-immune crosstalk in intestinal health and disease, providing a powerful platform for studying intestinal development, barrier dysfunction, and infection-related pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1867636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:48:28Z","timestamp":1783403308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A human intestinal epithelial-mesenchyme-immune triple culture system for disease modelling"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Joep","family":"Korsten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"OrganoVIR Labs, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and 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