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Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>CD109<\/jats:italic>\n                      encodes a GPI-linked glycoprotein that acts as a signaling modulator in the TGF-\u03b2 pathway.\n                      <jats:italic>CD109<\/jats:italic>\n                      has emerged in several genome-wide association studies as linked to coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in\n                      <jats:italic>CD109<\/jats:italic>\n                      have also been reported in patients with congenital heart defects, suggesting potential developmental relevance, though\n                      <jats:italic>CD109<\/jats:italic>\n                      has never been investigated in the context of cardiovascular development. We previously identified\n                      <jats:italic>Cd109<\/jats:italic>\n                      upregulation in murine atrioventricular valves undergoing myxomatous degeneration following a reduction of epicardial-derived cells. Here, we characterize\n                      <jats:italic>Cd109<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression in the murine cardiovascular system and assess its function during development using\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      approaches.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that\n                      <jats:italic>Cd109<\/jats:italic>\n                      is strongly expressed in the endothelium of the coronary vasculature and in endocardial-derived subpopulations in the atrioventricular valves. This expression persists through key stages in cardiovascular development. Western blotting and immunostaining confirm endothelial expression in heart and lung tissues. siRNA-mediated knockdown of CD109 in primary human endothelial cells led to dysregulation of vascular development pathways and decreased tube formation capacity. We generated endothelial-specific\n                      <jats:italic>Cd109<\/jats:italic>\n                      knockout mice, eliminating\n                      <jats:italic>Cd109<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression from heart and lung tissues without overt consequences for atrioventricular valve or coronary vascular morphogenesis during heart development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CD109 exhibits a highly dynamic spatiotemporal expression pattern during cardiovascular development, with enriched expression in coronary endothelial cells and endocardial-derived subpopulations in the valves. Despite this striking developmental expression pattern, previously reported human genetic associations with cardiovascular diseases, and endothelial-associated phenotypes following siRNA-mediated CD109 knockdown in a primary human endothelial cell line, endothelial\/endocardial-lineage deletion of\n                      <jats:italic>Cd109<\/jats:italic>\n                      did not produce overt abnormalities in atrioventricular valve or coronary vascular morphogenesis during embryonic development. Collectively, these findings identify CD109 as a useful marker of coronary endothelial and endocardial-derived valve cell populations and suggest that CD109 may function in a context-dependent or modulatory manner rather than as an essential regulator of cardiovascular morphogenesis under normal developmental conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1867997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:46:08Z","timestamp":1781847968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CD109 exhibits a dynamic expression pattern in coronary endothelium and endocardial-derived valve mesenchyme during heart development with preserved morphogenesis following endothelial-specific deletion"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, SC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna R.","family":"Drummond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, SC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah G.","family":"Tarolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, SC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9lyn A.","family":"Wolters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, SC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond N.","family":"Deepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, SC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inara","family":"Devji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, SC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy L.","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, SC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Muise-Helmericks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, SC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula S.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, SC, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell A.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, SC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Wessels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, SC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505008","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1505008","article-title":"CD109, a master regulator of inflammatory responses","volume":"15","author":"Batal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. 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