{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:07:25Z","timestamp":1784700445100,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012706","name":"Uniwersytet Warmi\u0144sko-Mazurski w Olsztynie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The complex forms of the neural tumor microenvironment are involved in cancer progression and constitute the area of cancer neuroscience research. Perineural invasion (PNI), as one of the nerve-neoplastic interactions, is a well-known histopathological feature found in many solid malignancies, carrying potential prognostic significance. PNI frequency and prognostic significance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain poorly analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of PNI in a cohort of NSCLC patients and its relationship with clinicopathological features and overall survival (OS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study population consisted of 124 archival, surgically resected NSCLC cases. Standard hematoxylin and eosin-stained tumor sections were assessed for the presence of PNI. Associations between PNI and clinicopathological parameters were analyzed, and its prognostic significance was evaluated in relation to overall survival (OS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PNI was identified in 13.7% of cases, occurring more frequently in squamous cell carcinomas (21.0%) compared to adenocarcinomas (7.5%). It was significantly associated with hilar localization (p = 0.0005), squamous histology (p = 0.037), vascular invasion (p = 0.040), and lymph node metastases (p = 0.002). However, no significant association was found between PNI and overall survival (p = 0.216).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PNI in NSCLC is an infrequent phenomenon. It shows a significant association with high-risk pathological features, including lymph node metastases and vascular invasion, suggesting a potential role in tumor progression. However, PNI was not significantly correlated with overall survival in this cohort of patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1872156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:56:29Z","timestamp":1784699789000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinicopathological correlations of perineural invasion in resected non-small cell lung cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Sejda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","place":["Olsztyn, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawid","family":"Sigorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","place":["Olsztyn, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek J\u00f3zef","family":"Nowakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","place":["Olsztyn, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"I\u017cycka-\u015awieszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology, Copernicus Hospital","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194817","article-title":"Nerve density and neuronal biomarkers in cancer","volume":"14","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17121900","article-title":"Perineural invasion in breast cancer: a comprehensive review","volume":"17","author":"Bahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.12.009","article-title":"Perineural invasion and perineural tumor spread in head and neck cancer","volume":"103","author":"Bakst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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