{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:06:24Z","timestamp":1789376784542,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liquid biopsy has emerged as a powerful non-invasive tool in precision oncology, providing real-time insights into tumor evolution, host immune responses, and dynamic changes in the tumor immune microenvironment. By enabling minimally invasive sampling, it can overcome several limitations of conventional tissue biopsy. This review summarizes the major biological sources and components of liquid biopsy, including circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes, and circulating immune cells, and discusses their value as dynamic indicators of interactions during cancer immunotherapy. Particular attention is given to immune-related biomarkers associated with immune checkpoints, immunosuppressive mechanisms, and immune escape, including circulating immune cell populations, and inflammatory cytokine profiles. We further examine their potential applications in predicting treatment response, monitoring immune-related adverse events, assessing minimal residual disease, and detecting acquired resistance. In addition, recent technological advances that are accelerating the clinical translation of liquid biopsy are highlighted, including multi-omics integration, microfluidic platforms. These approaches have improved the sensitivity, accuracy, and multidimensional characterization of tumor- and immune-derived biomarkers. Nevertheless, biological heterogeneity, limited assay standardization, and the lack of large-scale prospective validation studies continue to restrict widespread clinical implementation. Overall, immune-related biomarkers detected through liquid biopsy offer considerable potential for the longitudinal monitoring of the tumor immune microenvironment and may improve non-invasive cancer diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and personalized immunotherapy in the era of precision oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1878092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:56:11Z","timestamp":1789376171000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune-related biomarkers in liquid biopsy for cancer: emerging tools for non-invasive precision oncology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lai","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]},{"name":"Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]},{"name":"Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]},{"name":"Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengying","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuankuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Dermatology Hospital","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hewen","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097117","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1097117","article-title":"Circulating exosomal immuno-oncological checkpoints and cytokines are potential biomarkers to monitor tumor response to anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 therapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"13","author":"Akbar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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