{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:44:31Z","timestamp":1782920671480,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Drug addiction is a complex, chronic, and relapsing neurological disorder characterized by persistent neuroadaptation and a substantial public health burden. Because of its simple nervous system, genetic tractability, short life cycle, transparent body, and quantifiable behavioral phenotypes,\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) has become a useful complementary model for studying selected aspects of drug-induced behavioral adaptation. This review summarizes recent advances in the use of\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    to study opioids, amphetamine-type stimulants, cocaine, ketamine, ethanol, nicotine, and related anesthetic or depressant-type compounds. We discuss commonly used behavioral paradigms, including conditioned cue preference, swimming-induced paralysis, tolerance assays, withdrawal-like responses, chemotaxis, and locomotor adaptation, together with dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated, neuropeptidergic, ion-channel, oxidative-stress, transcriptional, and epigenetic mechanisms. The main limitations of this model are also considered, including the lack of mammalian reward-circuit complexity, nematode-specific pharmacokinetic features, cuticle permeability, and limited direct translational validation. Overall,\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    is best used as a mechanistic and screening-level model to identify conserved pathways and candidate targets that require further validation in mammalian systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1880079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:49:28Z","timestamp":1782917368000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in drug addiction research using Caenorhabditis elegans: behavioral and molecular mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lihua","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Police College","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiale","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinhong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Police College","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Rosalind","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER","place":["Chandigarh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8060","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.23-22-08060.2003","article-title":"Genetic and cellular basis for acetylcholine inhibition of Caenorhabditis elegans egg-laying behavior","volume":"23","author":"Bany","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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