{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T06:03:49Z","timestamp":1784527429017,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sepsis-induced NF-\u03baB hyperactivation drives two devastating cell death cascades: megakaryocyte apoptosis causing thrombocytopenia (incidence 35%\u201359%), and neuronal apoptosis with microglial-mediated neuroinflammation causing cognitive dysfunction in up to 70% of survivors. Mechanistically, NF-\u03baB\u2013driven upregulation of pro-apoptotic mediators (cleaved caspase-3, cytochrome c release) impairs megakaryopoiesis while simultaneously inducing hippocampal neuronal death and synaptic loss. The HAT regimen (hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid, and thiamine) modulates complementary nodes of this NF-\u03baB\/apoptosis axis, yet its cell-autonomous mechanisms of protecting megakaryocytes and neurons from sepsis-induced programmed cell death remain uncharacterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We employed a multi-level translational approach to interrogate HAT-mediated cell survival mechanisms. A retrospective cohort of 184 propensity score-matched sepsis patients with thrombocytopenia provided clinical validation. Mechanistic studies used cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in C57BL\/6 mice, with cell death profiling (TUNEL, cleaved caspase-3, Annexin V), blood-brain barrier integrity assays, and synaptic protein quantification.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      apoptosis and proliferation assays used MEG-01 megakaryoblasts as a preliminary screening platform (note: MEG-01 harbors BCR-ABL, which constitutively elevates baseline NF-\u03baB activity; primary mechanistic conclusions are grounded in the CD34\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      primary system) and primary CD34\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      hematopoietic stem cells, BV-2 microglia, and primary hippocampal neurons, combined with NF-\u03baB pathway dissection (p65 nuclear translocation, IKK phosphorylation, I\u03baB\u03b1 dynamics), genetic validation by p65 siRNA knockdown, and transcriptomic\/proteomic profiling, delineated component-specific pro-survival mechanisms. Pharmacological synergy was formally quantified by Chou-Talalay CI analysis. E-value sensitivity analyses were applied to primary clinical endpoints.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HAT synergistically suppressed NF-\u03baB p65 nuclear translocation by 52% in megakaryoblasts and 54% in hippocampal tissue, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines by 35%\u201342%. In megakaryocytes, HAT inhibited apoptosis by 48.6% and enhanced proplatelet formation by 52.4%, corresponding to accelerated platelet recovery (78.5% vs. 42.3% increase at day 7, P &amp;lt; 0.001) and reduced 28-day mortality (22.8% vs. 34.8%, P = 0.038) in patients. In the CLP model, HAT reduced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis (TUNEL+ cells \u221254.8%; cleaved caspase-3+ neurons \u221258.2%), attenuated microglial activation (Iba-1+ cells \u221248.6%), preserved blood-brain barrier integrity (Evans blue extravasation \u221262.4%), and maintained synaptic protein expression (PSD-95 + 42.6%; synaptophysin +38.4%), translating to significant cognitive and psychological benefit in survivors. Each HAT component contributed distinct anti-apoptotic mechanisms\u2014hydrocortisone suppressed p65 translocation, ascorbic acid blocked ROS-mediated IKK activation, and thiamine restored mitochondrial membrane potential\u2014producing formally synergistic (Chou-Talalay CI = 0.61 in megakaryocytes and CI = 0.58 in hippocampal neurons, both &amp;lt;1.0) pro-survival effects exceeding individual component efficacy. HAT group membership remained an independent predictor of preserved cognition on multivariable regression adjusting for ventilation duration and ICU stay (adjusted OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.18\u20130.79, P = 0.009).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HAT therapy protects two distinct cell populations\u2014megakaryocytes and hippocampal neurons\u2014from sepsis-induced programmed cell death through convergent, component-specific suppression of NF-\u03baB\u2013driven apoptotic signaling. These mechanistic findings reframe HAT as a broad-spectrum anti-apoptotic intervention, providing a cellular and molecular rationale consistent with its dual clinical benefit against thrombocytopenia and cognitive dysfunction in sepsis. Given the null findings of major HAT RCTs in unselected populations, these mechanisms particularly support biomarker-enriched trial designs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1880883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T05:35:54Z","timestamp":1784525754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HAT regimen attenuates NF-\u03bab-driven megakaryocyte apoptosis and neuronal cell death in sepsis: convergent mechanisms protecting thrombocytopenia and cognitive function"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhi","family":"Hui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fourth Central Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University","place":["Tianjin, China"]},{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital","place":["Cangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hewei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Rizhao People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Rizhao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Cangzhou Central Hospital","place":["Cangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialu","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fourth Central Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fourth Central Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University","place":["Tianjin, China"]},{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]},{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Haihe Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00386","article-title":"Mitochondria and mood: mitochondrial dysfunction as a key player in the manifestation of depression","volume":"12","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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