{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:06:54Z","timestamp":1790150814320,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/46\/E\/NZ3\/00095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/46\/E\/NZ3\/00095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although PD is primarily defined as a motor disorder, prodromal non-motor symptoms - such as circadian clock desynchronization and sleep disturbances - can emerge years before clinical diagnosis. Increasing evidence suggests that these non-motor manifestations, particularly circadian disruption, may contribute to disease progression. However, it remains unclear whether circadian dysfunction actively drives neurodegeneration or arises as a consequence of ongoing neuronal loss. In this study, we employed genetic models of PD in\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    to investigate these relationships. Specifically, we examined the effects of\n                    <jats:italic>parkin<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>park<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) silencing and neuronal expression of human \u03b1-Synuclein on photoreceptor morphology and function. Furthermore, we assessed whether mitophagy impairment or synucleinopathy confined to the visual system can influence the onset and progression of PD-related phenotypes. Given that sleep fragmentation is a common feature in PD patients, we also analyzed sleep patterns in flies, focusing on sleep duration. In parallel, we evaluated dopaminergic neuron degeneration, with particular emphasis on the protocerebral anterior medial (PAM) cluster, which plays a critical role in the regulation of sleep and locomotor activity. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of elucidating the interplay between retinal cells disruption and neurodegeneration in deeper parts of the brain in Parkinson\u2019s disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1929128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:34:38Z","timestamp":1790148878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From retina to brain: retinal dysfunction and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Drosophila models of Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Justyna","family":"Kad\u0142uczka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]},{"name":"Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krakow, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Dymek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Pyza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Damulewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020261","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster is enhanced by the presence of iron: implications for parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Agostini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908306","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/908306","article-title":"Visual symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2011","author":"Armstrong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Park. 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