{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T07:09:27Z","timestamp":1788851367055,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell Dev. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) substantially increases the risk of lung cancer, yet biomarkers capable of identifying malignant transition before radiological abnormalities become evident remain lacking. Respiratory omics has emerged as a promising non-invasive approach for monitoring dynamic molecular alterations during disease progression through the analysis of exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC). This review summarizes current evidence on respiratory biomarkers associated with COPD-to-lung cancer transition, emphasizing the biological mechanisms underlying their dynamic evolution and their potential applications in early detection and risk stratification. Rather than considering COPD and lung cancer as separate diseases, we discuss respiratory biomarker changes across the disease continuum and highlight their translational value for identifying high-risk individuals. Finally, we outline the major challenges limiting clinical implementation, including biomarker standardization and prospective validation, and discuss future directions involving multi-omics integration, artificial intelligence, and precision surveillance. Respiratory omics has the potential to advance non-invasive risk assessment and facilitate earlier intervention for COPD-associated lung cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1957266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:43:57Z","timestamp":1788849837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Respiratory omics for early detection of COPD-to-lung cancer transition: mechanisms, biomarkers and clinical translation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chengyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Hospital, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Hospital, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Hospital, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunling","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Hospital, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200223666220328143828","article-title":"Cytochromes P450: role in carcinogenesis and relevance to cancers","volume":"23","author":"Abu-Bakar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-024-01346-5","article-title":"p53 orchestrates cancer metabolism: unveiling strategies to reverse the warburg effect","volume":"86","author":"Abukwaik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102726","article-title":"The KEAP1-NRF2 pathway: targets for therapy and role in cancer","volume":"63","author":"Adinolfi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1134\/s0006297922110013","article-title":"New insight into the role of AhR in lung carcinogenesis","volume":"87","author":"Akhmetova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. (Mosc)."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flatc.2024.100651","article-title":"Efficient detection of lung cancer biomarkers using functionalized transition metal dichalcogenides (MoS2) Monolayers: DFT study","volume":"45","author":"Alfalasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Flatchem"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2012.28555","article-title":"Exhaled eicosanoids and biomarkers of oxidative stress in exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"8","author":"Antczak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101544","article-title":"Oxidative stress-based therapeutics in COPD","volume":"33","author":"Barnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18691","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.6484","article-title":"The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in immunomodulation and cancer metastasis","volume":"12","author":"Basson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd013829","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd013829.pub2","article-title":"Impact of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening on lung cancer-related mortality","volume":"8","author":"Bonney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.26442\/00403660.2020.03.000347","article-title":"Endothelium-related and neuro-mediated mechanisms of emphysema development in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"92","author":"Brodskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ter. Arkh"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-6102-8","article-title":"Identification of volatile lung cancer markers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: comparison with discrimination by canines","volume":"404","author":"Buszewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2021.108365","article-title":"Relationships among smoking, oxidative stress, inflammation, macromolecular damage, and cancer","volume":"787","author":"Caliri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mutat. Research-Reviews Mutat. Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01564-3","article-title":"Ferroptosis: principles and significance in health and disease","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57121351","article-title":"Increased vascular endothelial growth factor serum level and the role of +936C\/T gene polymorphism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"57","author":"Chis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Kaunas."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67379-x","article-title":"Controlling glycolysis to generate characteristic volatile organic compounds of lung cancer cells","volume":"14","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512437","article-title":"Circulating miR-206 and miR-1246 as markers in the early diagnosis of lung cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"24","author":"C\u00f3rdoba-Lan\u00fas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13020156","article-title":"Oxidative damage and telomere length as markers of lung cancer development among chronic obstructive pulmonary Disease (COPD) smokers","volume":"13","author":"C\u00f3rdoba-Lan\u00fas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-025-00828-0","article-title":"Electronic-Nose technology for lung cancer detection: a non-invasive diagnostic revolution","volume":"203","author":"Dhanush Gowda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01094-7","article-title":"The usefulness of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and MMP-9\/TIMP-1 ratio for diagnosis and assessment of COPD severity","volume":"28","author":"Dimic-Janjic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0275873","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275873","article-title":"DNA damage and antioxidant capacity in COPD patients with and without lung cancer","volume":"17","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5755","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28155755","article-title":"Effect of food intake on exhaled volatile organic compounds profile analyzed by an electronic nose","volume":"28","author":"Dragonieri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-024-00307-2","article-title":"Potential role of Nrf2, HER2, and ALDH in cancer stem cells: a narrative review","volume":"257","author":"Fakhrioliaei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3390\/life15050683","article-title":"Current evidence supporting the role of miRNA as a biomarker for lung cancer diagnosis through exhaled breath condensate collection: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Ferrari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9120434","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 and cancer: insight into tumor progression and immunity","volume":"9","author":"Finetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. (Basel)."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032859","article-title":"Mechanisms contributing to the comorbidity of COPD and lung cancer","volume":"24","author":"Forder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-1292-7","article-title":"Oxidative stress and Nrf2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from COPD patients: an observational longitudinal study","volume":"21","author":"Fratta Pasini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-024-00409-6","article-title":"Discriminative potential of exhaled breath condensate biomarkers with respect to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"19","author":"Freund","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16034","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416034","article-title":"Inhibition of TIGAR increases exogenous p53 and cisplatin combination sensitivity in lung cancer cells by regulating glycolytic flux","volume":"23","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499104","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1499104","article-title":"Review of cancer cell volatile organic compounds: their metabolism and evolution","volume":"11","author":"Furuhashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13243673","article-title":"Advancing colorectal cancer diagnosis with AI-Powered breathomics: navigating challenges and future directions","volume":"13","author":"Gallos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagn. (Basel)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046008","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ac88ec","article-title":"Volatolomic urinary profile analysis for diagnosis of the early stage of lung cancer","volume":"16","author":"Gasparri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Breath. Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686792","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.686792","article-title":"The inflammatory profile of the tumor microenvironment, orchestrated by Cyclooxygenase-2, promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"11","author":"G\u00f3mez-Valenzuela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3390\/life12030386","article-title":"Obtaining reliable RT-qPCR results in molecular Diagnostics-MIQE goals and pitfalls for transcriptional biomarker discovery","volume":"12","author":"Gr\u00e4tz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169604","article-title":"The role of \u03b17-nAChR-mediated PI3K\/AKT pathway in lung cancer induced by nicotine","volume":"912","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114917","article-title":"Research progress in human biological monitoring of aromatic hydrocarbon with emphasis on the analytical technology of biomarkers","volume":"257","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00030","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00030-2021","article-title":"A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of volatile organic compounds in airway diseases and their relation to markers of type-2 inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102315","article-title":"Cellular senescence in lung cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"97","author":"Jha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2020-0121","article-title":"Macromolecular biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in exhaled breath condensate","volume":"14","author":"Kazeminasab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09794-x","article-title":"MiR-21-5p knockdown inhibits epithelial to mesenchymal transition in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells by upregulating RhoB","volume":"51","author":"Khair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15100668","article-title":"Exhaled aldehydes and ketones as biomarkers of lung cancer and diabetes: review of sensor technologies for early disease diagnosis","volume":"15","author":"Kiejzik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. (Basel)."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036006","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ab17ff","article-title":"cfDNA in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and contamination by ambient air: toward volatile biopsies","volume":"13","author":"Koc","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Breath. Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04303","article-title":"Lung cancer increases H(2)O(2) concentration in the exhaled breath condensate, extent of mtDNA damage, and mtDNA copy number in buccal mucosa","volume":"6","author":"Kolbasina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050743","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress and Nrf2\/KEAP1 signaling in colorectal cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives with phytochemicals","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2298-2","article-title":"Ferroptosis: past, present and future","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2024.11.013","article-title":"p53 induces circFRMD4A to suppress cancer development through glycolytic reprogramming and cuproptosis","volume":"85","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00581","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00581-2023","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition changes in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients with early COPD","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2025.116787","article-title":"Considerations regarding the selection, sampling, extraction, analysis, and modelling of biomarkers in exhaled breath for early lung cancer screening","volume":"260","author":"Lundberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad7a9a","article-title":"Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in respiratory diseases: recent advances and future perspectives in the age of omic sciences","volume":"18","author":"Maniscalco","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Breath. Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.01.040","article-title":"Lung cancer screening, emphysema, and COPD","volume":"159","author":"Mascalchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2025.103858","article-title":"Monitoring ferroptosis in vivo: iron-Driven volatile oxidized lipids as breath biomarkers","volume":"86","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040856","article-title":"The 4-Hydroxynonenal-Protein adducts and their biological relevance: are some proteins preferred targets?","volume":"12","author":"Milkovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"032001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad4388","article-title":"Unravelling the origin of isoprene in the human body-a forty year Odyssey","volume":"18","author":"Mochalski","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Breath. Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics12090848","article-title":"Exhaled Breath Analysis (EBA): a comprehensive review of non-invasive diagnostic techniques for disease detection","volume":"12","author":"Mortazavi","year":"","journal-title":"Photonics"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics12121202","article-title":"Emerging trends in optical fiber biosensing for non-invasive biomedical analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mortazavi","year":"","journal-title":"Photonics"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4572","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194572","article-title":"IL-17 promotes nitric oxide production in non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"Nicola","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e218","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.218","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in cancer: mechanisms and therapeutics","volume":"4","author":"Nong","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11786469241232871","DOI":"10.1177\/11786469241232871","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway in respiratory diseases","volume":"17","author":"Pamart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11020111","article-title":"Clinical utility of microRNAs in exhaled breath condensate as biomarkers for lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091780","article-title":"Methanethiol: a scent mark of dysregulated sulfur metabolism in cancer","volume":"12","author":"Philipp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11101720","article-title":"Angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): few certainties and many outstanding questions","volume":"11","author":"Poto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.2147\/copd.s380732","article-title":"From COPD to lung cancer: mechanisms linking, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis","volume":"17","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct Pulmon Dis."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9101347","article-title":"Systemic profiles of microRNAs, redox balance, and inflammation in lung cancer patients: influence of COPD","volume":"9","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctarc.2023.100689","article-title":"MicroRNAs in exhaled breath condensate: a pilot study of biomarker detection for lung cancer","volume":"35","author":"Rai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010032","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath as fingerprints of lung cancer, asthma and COPD","volume":"10","author":"Ratiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2022.04.013","article-title":"Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC) analysis of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) using a lung cancer specific UltraSEEK oncogene panel","volume":"168","author":"Ryan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26085","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11365-4","article-title":"Determination of lung cancer exhaled breath biomarkers using machine learning-a new analysis framework","volume":"15","author":"Setlhare","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16010007","article-title":"Polymer-based gas sensors for detection of disease biomarkers in exhaled breath","volume":"16","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. (Basel)."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9040072","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers interleukin 1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) are differentially elevated in tobacco smoke associated COPD and biomass smoke associated COPD","volume":"9","author":"Shyam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21835","article-title":"Recent developments and applications of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS)","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c10008","article-title":"Advancements in breathomics: special focus on electrochemical sensing and AI for chronic disease diagnosis and monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Subawickrama Mallika Widanaarachchige","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9001","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25169001","article-title":"Decoding LncRNA in COPD: unveiling prognostic and diagnostic power and their driving role in lung cancer progression","volume":"25","author":"Sweef","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184329","article-title":"Molecular characteristics and treatment of endothelial dysfunction in patients with COPD: a review article","volume":"20","author":"Szucs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-025-01876-9","article-title":"Nanosensors based on breathomics for human disease diagnosis: a new frontier in personalized healthcare","volume":"15","author":"Taha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bionanoscience"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117257","article-title":"Reprogramming of glucose metabolism: the hallmark of malignant transformation and target for advanced diagnostics and treatments","volume":"178","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10101537","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and antioxidative defense in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"10","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200262","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1200262","article-title":"Conversion of specific lncRNAs to biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate samples of patients with advanced stage non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"14","author":"Tetik Vardarl\u0131","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12020299","article-title":"Disruption of the molecular regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in airway and lung epithelial cells by cigarette smoke: are aldehydes the culprit?","volume":"12","author":"Tulen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3819","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153819","article-title":"Lung cancer in the course of COPD-emerging problems today","volume":"14","author":"Uli\u0144ski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.16288\/j.yczz.20-315","article-title":"Lung microbiome mediates the progression from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to lung cancer through inflammation","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Yi Chuan"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31835","DOI":"10.1039\/d3ra04522f","article-title":"A combined screening study for evaluating the potential of exhaled acetone, isoprene, and nitric oxide as biomarkers of lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1786","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1786","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptome analysis deciphers the CD74-mediated immune evasion and tumour growth in lung squamous cell carcinoma with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116116","article-title":"The role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in fibrosis diseases and its molecular mechanisms","volume":"171","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01957","article-title":"Oxidative stress in ozone-induced chronic lung inflammation and emphysema: a facet of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"11","author":"Wiegman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pccm.2023.10.001","article-title":"Advances in metabolomics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. Pulm. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2025.168099","article-title":"MD2 mediates COPD pathogenesis by inducing airway inflammation and ferroptosis through the TLR4\/MyD88 pathway","volume":"1872","author":"Xi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-022-04295-x","article-title":"Analysis of volatile organic compounds from deep airway in the lung through intubation sampling","volume":"414","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702211008808","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling of anaerobic and aerobic energy metabolic pathways in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"246","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135856","article-title":"Volatile organic compound exposure in relation to lung cancer: insights into mechanisms of action through metabolomics","volume":"480","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040394","article-title":"Progress in understanding oxidative stress, aging, and aging-related diseases","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14121523","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer management: opportunities and challenges","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21871","article-title":"Advances in proteomics methods for the analysis of exhaled breath condensate","volume":"43","author":"Yoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6635460","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6635460","article-title":"The Keap1-Nrf2 system: a mediator between oxidative stress and aging","volume":"2021","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174291","article-title":"Progress in research on the role of flavonoids in lung cancer","volume":"20","author":"Zanoaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.104827","article-title":"IL4i1 and IDO1: oxidases that control a tryptophan metabolic nexus in cancer","volume":"299","author":"Zeitler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12076-1","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between Treg-mediated risk in COPD and lung cancer through Mendelian randomization analysis and scRNA-seq data integration","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-024-01916-x","article-title":"The causal and mediation effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on lung cancer subtypes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947981","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.947981","article-title":"Prevalence of lung cancer in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-025-06373-w","article-title":"The role and mechanisms of the HIF-1 signaling pathway in LC-COPD","volume":"151","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2025.112617","article-title":"Breaking immune evasion in breast cancer by targeting COX-2\/PGE2 pathway","volume":"608","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119568","article-title":"Maimendong decoction modulates the PINK1\/Parkin signaling pathway alleviates type 2 alveolar epithelial cells senescence and enhances mitochondrial autophagy to offer potential therapeutic effects for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"345","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.09.009","article-title":"Transsulfuration activity can support cell growth upon extracellular cysteine limitation","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-020-00533-0","article-title":"Love wave based portable sensing system for on-line detection of carcinoembryonic antigen in exhaled breath condensate","volume":"22","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184472","article-title":"Inflammaging and oxidative stress in human diseases: from molecular mechanisms to novel treatments","volume":"20","author":"Zuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1957266\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:43:59Z","timestamp":1788849839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1957266\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcell.2026.1957266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2026.1957266","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"article-number":"1957266"}}