{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:11:06Z","timestamp":1787026266986,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":195,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-4597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-4597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-0643"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-0643"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003947","name":"Universidad Nacional de La Plata","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["X785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003947","name":"Universidad Nacional de La Plata","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["X701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003947","name":"Universidad Nacional de La Plata","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPIDX043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPIDX043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Trypanosomatid-caused conditions (African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis) are neglected tropical infectious diseases that mainly affect socioeconomically vulnerable populations. The available therapeutics display substantial limitations, among them limited efficacy, safety issues, drug resistance, and, in some cases, inconvenient routes of administration, which made the scenarios with insufficient health infrastructure settings inconvenient. Pharmaceutical nanocarriers may provide solutions to some of these obstacles, improving the efficacy\u2013safety balance and tolerability to therapeutic interventions. Here, we overview the state of the art of therapeutics for trypanosomatid-caused diseases (including approved drugs and drugs undergoing clinical trials) and the literature on nanolipid pharmaceutical carriers encapsulating approved and non-approved drugs for these diseases. Numerous studies have focused on the obtention and preclinical assessment of lipid nanocarriers, particularly those addressing the two currently most challenging trypanosomatid-caused diseases, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis. In general,\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies suggest that delivering the drugs using such type of nanocarriers could improve the efficacy\u2013safety balance, diminishing cytotoxicity and organ toxicity, especially in leishmaniasis. This constitutes a very relevant outcome, as it opens the possibility to extended treatment regimens and improved compliance. Despite these advances, last-generation nanosystems, such as targeted nanocarriers and hybrid systems, have still not been extensively explored in the field of trypanosomatid-caused conditions and represent promising opportunities for future developments. The potential use of nanotechnology in extended, well-tolerated drug regimens is particularly interesting in the light of recent descriptions of quiescent\/dormant stages of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which have been linked to therapeutic failure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.601151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T03:51:34Z","timestamp":1606362694000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Trypanosomatid-Caused Conditions: State of the Art of Therapeutics and Potential Applications of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Giuliana","family":"Muraca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio Rivero","family":"Berti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda L.","family":"Sbaraglini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wagner J.","family":"F\u00e1varo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo R.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Talevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006527","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006527","article-title":"The initial effectiveness of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and miltefosine combination for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV co-infected patients in Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Abongomera","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2019-0413","article-title":"Biogenic metal nanoparticles as a potential class of antileishmanial agents: mechanisms and molecular targets","volume":"15","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-8-102","article-title":"Liposome: classification, preparation, and applications","volume":"8","author":"Akbarzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis886","article-title":"Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy for second- stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: m\u00e9decins sans fronti\u00e8res experience in the democratic republic of the congo","volume":"56","author":"Alirol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1086\/324161","article-title":"Successful treatment of drug-resistant cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans by use of imiquimod, an immunomodulator","volume":"33","author":"Arevalo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105080","article-title":"Nanocarriers for effective delivery of benznidazole and nifurtimox in the treatment of chagas disease: a review","volume":"198","author":"Arr\u00faa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2014.11.019","article-title":"Th-1 biased immunomodulation and synergistic antileishmanial activity of stable cationic lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticle: biodistribution and toxicity assessment of encapsulated amphotericin B","volume":"89","author":"Asthana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4638192","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4638192","article-title":"The dual role of the liver in nanomedicine as an actor in the elimination of nanostructures or a therapeutic target","volume":"2020","author":"Baboci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001870","article-title":"Fexinidazole: a potential new drug candidate for chagas disease","volume":"6","author":"Bahia","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1021\/ci400284v","article-title":"Application of computer-aided drug repurposing in the search of new cruzipain inhibitors: discovery of amiodarone and bromocriptine inhibitory effects","volume":"53","author":"Bellera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1202657","article-title":"Topical paromomycin with or without gentamicin for cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"368","author":"Ben Salah","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1021\/jm050691f","article-title":"Amiodarone has intrinsic anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity and acts synergistically with posaconazole","volume":"49","author":"Benaim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12374","article-title":"Metabolic adaptations of Leishmania donovani in relation to differentiation, drug resistance, and drug pressure","volume":"90","author":"Berg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.18.2171","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of chagas disease in the United States: a systematic review","volume":"298","author":"Bern","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.02.009","article-title":"Mode of action of nifurtimox and N-oxide-containing heterocycles against Trypanosoma cruzi: is oxidative stress involved?","volume":"79","author":"Boiani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-8206.2003.00167.x","article-title":"Treatment perspectives for human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"17","author":"Bouteille","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmaco."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010001137","article-title":"Chemotherapy against human African trypanosomiasis: is there a road to success?","volume":"137","author":"Burri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1586\/17512433.2014.909282","article-title":"Potential new clinical therapies for chagas disease","volume":"7","author":"Bustamante","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"349","volume-title":"Drug Delivery Devices for Infectious Diseases. Drug Delivery: An Integrated Clinical and Engineering Approach","author":"Cacicedo","year":"2016"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14986-6","article-title":"Genome-wide mutagenesis and multi-drug resistance in American trypanosomes induced by the front-line drug benznidazole","volume":"7","author":"Campos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14391","article-title":"Antichagasic effect of violacein from chromobacterium violaceum","volume":"127","author":"Canuto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.04.061","article-title":"Amiodarone and Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia in patients with chagas disease","volume":"189","author":"Carmo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2847","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002847","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activity of H2bdtc-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Carneiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1216","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001216","article-title":"Parasitic loads in tissues of mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and treated with AmBisome","volume":"5","author":"Cencig","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-015-0267-6","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles of amphotericin B (AmbiOnp): in vitro and in vivo assessment towards safe and effective oral treatment module","volume":"6","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res"},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics (PKs) Investigation of GSK3186899 in Healthy Subjects2020"},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"Selenium Treatment and Chagasic Cardiopathy (STCC) (STCC)2020"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"Safety, Efficacy, and PK of Topical Paromomycin\/Gentamicin Cream for Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (WRNMMC)2020"},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"24827034Clinical Trial for The Treatment of Chronic Chagas Disease With Posaconazole And Benznidazole (CHAGASAZOL)2020"},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"28231946A Study of the Use of Oral Posaconazole (POS) in the Treatment of Asymptomatic Chronic Chagas Disease (P05267) (STOP CHAGAS)2020"},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"29352704Proof-of-Concept Study of E1224 to Treat Adult Patients With Chagas Disease2020"},{"key":"B32","unstructured":"Human African Trypanosomiasis: First in Man of a Clinical Trail of New Medicinal Product, the SCYX-71582020"},{"key":"B33","unstructured":"29113731Pivotal Study of Fexinidazole for Human African Trypanosomiasis in Stage 22020"},{"key":"B34","unstructured":"Study to Evaluate Fexinidazole Dosing Regimens for the Treatment of Adult Patients With Chagas Disease2020"},{"key":"B35","unstructured":"Topical Liposomal Amphotericin B Gel Treatment for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis2020"},{"key":"B36","unstructured":"Efficacy and Safety of Pentamidine (7mg\/kg) for Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by L. Guyanensis2020"},{"key":"B37","unstructured":"Fexinidazole in Human African Trypanosomiasis Due to T. b. Gambiense at Any Stage2020"},{"key":"B38","unstructured":"Prospective Study on Efficacy and Safety of Acoziborole (SCYX-7158) in Patients Infected by Human African Trypanosomiasis Due to T.b. Gambiense (OXA002)2020"},{"key":"B39","unstructured":"Miltefosine\/Paromomycin Phase III Trial for Treatment of Primary Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) Patients in Eastern Africa2020"},{"key":"B40","unstructured":"Evaluation of Different Benznidazole Regimens for the Treatment of Chronic Chagas Disease. (MULTIBENZ)2020"},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"A Trial Testing Amiodarone in Chagas Cardiomiopathy (ATTACH)2020"},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"BEnznidazole New Doses Improved Treatment and Associations (BENDITA)2020"},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"18947846Short Course Regimens for Treatment of PKDL (Sudan)2020"},{"key":"B44","unstructured":"Oral Fexinidazole Dosing Regimens for the Treatment of Adults With Chronic Indeterminate Chagas Disease (FEXI12) Trial2020"},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"Colchicine for Patients With Chagas' Disease (B1 Stage) (COACH)2020"},{"key":"B46","unstructured":"19370612Oral Miltefosine Plus Topical Paromomycin In American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis2020"},{"key":"B47","unstructured":"Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics (PKs) Investigation of GSK3186899 in Healthy Subjects2020"},{"key":"B48","unstructured":"Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Study2020"},{"key":"B49","unstructured":"Single Oral Dose Escalation Study of DNDI-0690 in Healthy Male Subjects2020"},{"key":"B50","unstructured":"Efficacy and Safety of Fexinidazole in Patients With Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) Due to Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense2020"},{"key":"B51","unstructured":"New Therapies and Biomarkers for Chagas Infection (TESEO)2020"},{"key":"B52","unstructured":"Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics (PK) Investigation of GSK3494245 in Healthy Participants2020"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.300.1.195","article-title":"Characterization of a novel, broad-based fungicidal activity for the antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone","volume":"300","author":"Courchesne","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.10.030","article-title":"Comparison of the toxicity of two treatment schemes with benznidazole for chronic chagas disease: a prospective cohort study in two spanish referral centres","volume":"26","author":"Crespillo-And\u00fajar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(87)90543-0","article-title":"The activity of alkyl phosphorylcholines and related derivatives against Leishmania donovani","volume":"36","author":"Croft","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmaco."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5941","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S35556","article-title":"Functionalization of immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) with lipid vinyl sulfones and their application in immunological techniques and therapy","volume":"7","author":"Cruz-Bustos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpc.2016.07.005","article-title":"Miltefosine-loaded lipid nanoparticles: improving miltefosine stability and reducing its hemolytic potential toward erythtocytes and its cytotoxic effect on macrophages","volume":"217","author":"da Gama Bitencourt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biophys. Chem"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.098","article-title":"Oral delivery of ursolic acid-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier coated with chitosan oligosaccharides: development, characterization, in vitro and in vivo assessment for the therapy of leishmaniasis","volume":"102","author":"Das","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1540-3","article-title":"The site of the bite: Leishmania interaction with macrophages, neutrophils and the extracellular matrix in the dermis","volume":"9","author":"De Menezes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1039\/C8PP00444G","article-title":"Hypericin photodynamic activity. Part III: in vitro evaluation in different nanocarriers against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"18","author":"De Morais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-1051-6","article-title":"Fexinidazole: first global approval","volume":"79","author":"Deeks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5010029","article-title":"New drugs for human African trypanosomiasis: a twenty first century success story","volume":"5","author":"Dickie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00401","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00401-18","article-title":"Outcome of E1224-benznidazole combination treatment for infection with a multidrug-resistant Trypanosoma cruzi strain in mice","volume":"62","author":"Diniz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chem."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(81)90047-5","volume":"3","author":"Docampo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks275","article-title":"Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis","volume":"67","author":"Dorlo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"B66","unstructured":"Portfolio. New Treatments for HIV\/Visceral Leishmaniasis"},{"key":"B67","unstructured":"Portfolio. Novartis LXE408 for the Treatment of Visceral leishmaniasis"},{"key":"B68","unstructured":"Portfolio. Acoziborole for Sleeping Sickness"},{"key":"B69","unstructured":"Portfolio. DNDi-6148 for leishmaniasis"},{"key":"B70","unstructured":"Portfolio. Fexinidazole for T.b. Rhodesiense"},{"key":"B71","unstructured":"Portfolio. GSK3186899 and GSK3494245 for leishmaniasis"},{"key":"B72","unstructured":"Portfolio. Miltefosine and Paromomycin Combo"},{"key":"B73","unstructured":"Portfolio. New treatments for Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)"},{"key":"B74","unstructured":"Portfolio. SSGandPM (East Africa). Visceral leishmaniasis"},{"key":"B75","unstructured":"Portfolio. Fexindazole for Chagas"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20190477","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0477-2019","article-title":"Efficacy of the benznidazole + posaconazole combination therapy in parasitemia reduction: an experimental murine model of acute chagas","volume":"53","author":"Echeverr\u00eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.959496","article-title":"Treatment options for second stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"12","author":"Eperon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2019.55.11.3068795","article-title":"Fexinidazole for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"55","author":"Fairlamb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs Today."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2012.06.419","article-title":"Effect of colchicine on myocardial injury induced by Trypanosoma cruzi in experimental chagas disease","volume":"18","author":"Fernandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6519","DOI":"10.1021\/la4003803","article-title":"Quatsomes: vesicles formed by self-assembly of sterols and quaternary ammonium surfactants","volume":"29","author":"Ferrer-Tasies","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00520-15","article-title":"Limited ability of posaconazole to cure both ccute and chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections revealed by highly sensitive in vivo imaging","volume":"59","author":"Fortes Francisco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2012.01.003","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis treatment: what do we have, what do we need and how to deliver it?","volume":"2","author":"Freitas-Junior","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drug."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14072317","article-title":"Pentavalent antimonials: new perspectives for old drugs","volume":"14","author":"Fr\u00e9zard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105335","article-title":"Carvacrol loaded nanostructured lipid carriers as a promising parenteral formulation for leishmaniasis treatment","volume":"150","author":"Galv\u00e3o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.06.008","article-title":"Targeted delivery of paromomycin in murine infectious diseases through association to nano lipid systems","volume":"11","author":"Gaspar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"390","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-010-0331-5","article-title":"Paromomycin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: characterization of production parameters","volume":"16","author":"Ghadiri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioproc."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666191014171354","article-title":"Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery: blood-brain barrier as the main obstacle to treating infectious diseases in CNS","volume":"25","author":"Gondim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860701453836","article-title":"Antileishmanial efficacy of amphotericin B bearing emulsomes against experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"15","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Drug Target"},{"key":"B90","unstructured":"HafizS.\n            KyriakopoulosC. Pentamidine\n          Treasure Island (FL)StatPearls PublishingIn: StatPearls2020"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13088","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.230847","article-title":"Nifurtimox activation by trypanosomal type I nitroreductases generates cytotoxic nitrile metabolites","volume":"286","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12340","article-title":"Enhanced paromomycin efficacy by solid lipid nanoparticle formulation against Leishmania in mice model","volume":"38","author":"Heidari-Kharaji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.112.196980","article-title":"Synthesis and antifungal activity of derivatives of 2- and 3-benzofurancarboxylic acids","volume":"343","author":"Hejchman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005620","article-title":"Combined treatment of miltefosine and paromomycin delays the onset of experimental drug resistance in Leishmania infantum","volume":"11","author":"Hendrickx","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Neglect. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2889-8","article-title":"A protocol update for the selenium treatment and chagasic cardiomyopathy (STCC) trial","volume":"19","author":"Holanda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00778","article-title":"Trypanosomatid infections: how do parasites and their excreted\u2013secreted factors modulate the inducible metabolism of l-arginine in macrophages?","volume":"9","author":"Holzmuller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol"},{"key":"B97","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1151","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001151","article-title":"SCYX-7158, an orally -active benzoxaborole for the treatment of stage 2 human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"5","author":"Jacobs","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-014-1084-y","article-title":"Chitosan-assisted immunotherapy for intervention of experimental leishmaniasis via amphotericin B-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles","volume":"174","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.06.023","article-title":"Influence of surface charge and inner composition of porous nanoparticles to cross blood-brain barrier in vitro","volume":"344","author":"Jallouli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0180532","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180532","article-title":"Macromolecular biosynthetic parameters and metabolic profile in different life stages of Leishmania braziliensis: amastigotes as a functionally less active stage","volume":"12","author":"Jara","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55486-z","article-title":"Tracking of quiescence in leishmania by quantifying the expression of GFP in the ribosomal DNA locus","volume":"9","author":"Jara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.03.046","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a cedrol-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier system for in vitro and in vivo susceptibilities of wild and drug resistant Leishmania donovani amastigotes","volume":"104","author":"Kar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200421052","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis of the CNS: current issues and challenges","volume":"113","author":"Kennedy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-016-0481-0","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin combination for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Africa: results from a pharmacovigilance program","volume":"37","author":"Kimutai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004683","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004683","article-title":"Characterization of metabolically quiescent leishmania parasites in murine lesions using heavy water labeling","volume":"11","author":"Kloehn","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505102","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/21\/50\/505102","article-title":"Development of a nanoparticulate formulation of diminazene to treat African trypanosomiasis","volume":"21","author":"Kroubi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008028","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008028","article-title":"Prescription of concomitant medications in patients treated with nifurtimox eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) for T.b. gambiense second stage sleeping sickness in the democratic republic of the congo","volume":"14","author":"Kuemmerle","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-018-00602-1","article-title":"Macrophage ghost entrapped amphotericin B: a novel delivery strategy towards experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug. Deliv. Transl. Res"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2013.02.001","article-title":"Parenteral formulation of an antileishmanial drug candidate - tackling poor solubility, chemical instability, and polymorphism","volume":"85","author":"Kupetz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2016.1184272","article-title":"Nano carriers for drug transport across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Drug Target"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2020.102237","article-title":"Advances in next-generation lipid-polymer hybrid nanocarriers with emphasis on polymer-modified functional liposomes and cell-based-biomimetic nanocarriers for active ingredients and fractions from chinese medicine delivery","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2011.09.017","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles containing oryzalin for the treatment of leishmaniasis","volume":"45","author":"Lopes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2014.1874","article-title":"Liposomes versus lipid nanoparticles: comparative study of lipid-based systems as oryzalin carriers for the treatment of leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"Lopes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03536.x","article-title":"Sleeping sickness","volume":"7","author":"Malvy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.01.045","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization by AFM, FT-IR and DSC and biological assays of a promising antileishmania delivery system loaded with a natural Brazilian product","volume":"123","author":"Marquele-Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal"},{"key":"B117","year":""},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2006.03.004","article-title":"Mode of action of natural and synthetic drugs against Trypanosoma cruzi and their interaction with the mammalian host","volume":"146","author":"Maya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Phys. A"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.12.048","article-title":"Diethyldithiocarbamate loaded in beeswax-copaiba oil nanoparticles obtained by solventless double emulsion technique promote promastigote death in vitro","volume":"176","author":"Mazur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloid. Surface. B"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762008000600007","article-title":"Benznidazole biotransformation in rat heart microsomal fraction without observable ultrastructural alterations: comparison to nifurtimox-induced cardiac effects","volume":"103","author":"Mecca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mem. I. Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e491","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000491","article-title":"First-line therapy for human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru using the TLR7 agonist imiquimod in combination with pentavalent antimony","volume":"3","author":"Miranda-Verastegui","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313122","article-title":"Randomized trial of posaconazole and benznidazole for chronic chagas' disease","volume":"370","author":"Molina","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.03.004","article-title":"The activity of encapsulated meglumine antimoniate in stearylamine-bearing liposomes against cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB\/c mice","volume":"200","author":"Moosavian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(02)00453-2","article-title":"Development and in vitro characterisation of a benznidazole liposomal formulation","volume":"249","author":"Morilla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.12.012","article-title":"Etanidazole in pH-sensitive liposomes: design, characterization and in vitro\/in vivo anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity","volume":"103","author":"Morilla","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2004.03.025","article-title":"Intravenous liposomal benznidazole as trypanocidal agent: increasing drug delivery to liver is not enough","volume":"278","author":"Morilla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1507574","article-title":"Randomized trial of benznidazole for chronic chagas' cardiomyopathy","volume":"373","author":"Morillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.12.023","article-title":"Benznidazole and posaconazole in eliminating parasites in asymptomatic Trypanosoma cruzi carriers: the STOP-CHAGAS trial","volume":"69","author":"Morillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S198353","article-title":"Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles as a next-generation drug delivery platform: state of the art, emerging technologies, and perspectives","volume":"19","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2020.e00156","article-title":"Nanoparticles: new agents toward treatment of leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"Nafari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol. Control"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10773","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c00499","article-title":"Discovery and characterization of clinical candidate LXE408 as a kinetoplastid-selective proteasome inhibitor for the treatment of leishmaniases","volume":"63","author":"Nagle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11305","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500365f","article-title":"Recent developments in drug discovery for leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"114","author":"Nagle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90208","article-title":"Comparative studies of drug susceptibility of five strains of Trypanosoma cruzi in vivo and in vitro","volume":"82","author":"Neal","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0799-9","article-title":"Arsenicals (melarsoprol), pentamidine and suramin in the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"90","author":"Nok","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710790979953","article-title":"Trypanosomatid parasites causing neglected diseases","volume":"17","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2144","article-title":"Innovative lead discovery strategies for tropical diseases","volume":"5","author":"Nwaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2019.1596923","article-title":"Comparative in vitro transportation of pentamidine across the blood-brain barrier using polycaprolactone nanoparticles and phosphatidylcholine liposomes","volume":"47","author":"Omarch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02006-15","article-title":"Evaluating 5-nitrothiazoles as trypanocidal agents","volume":"60","author":"O'Shea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-009-9986-z","article-title":"Positively-charged, porous, polysaccharide nanoparticles loaded with anionic molecules behave as 'stealth' cationic nanocarriers","volume":"27","author":"Paillard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Res"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.110850","article-title":"Imiquimod-loaded nanoarchaeosomes as a promising immunotherapy against Trypanosoma cruzi infection","volume":"189","author":"Parra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloid. Surface. B"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MD00122H","article-title":"Defeating the trypanosomatid trio: proteomics of the protozoan parasites causing neglected tropical diseases","volume":"11","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC. Med. Chem"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69276-5","article-title":"Modified solid lipid nanoparticles encapsulated with amphotericin B and paromomycin: an effective oral combination against experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"Parvez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2011.1332","article-title":"AmbiOnp: solid lipid nanoparticles of amphotericin B for oral administration","volume":"7","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.04.003","article-title":"Nitro drugs for the treatment of trypanosomatid diseases: past, present, and future prospects","volume":"30","author":"Patterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends. Parasitol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60410-8","article-title":"The treatment of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"33","author":"P\u00e9pin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1678-9199-19-34","article-title":"Challenges and perspectives of chagas disease: a review","volume":"19","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(01)00065-2","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological aspects of chagas disease","volume":"1","author":"Prata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v26.i6.10","article-title":"Lipid-based nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers: from concepts to clinic","volume":"26","author":"Puri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6407","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S206109","article-title":"Advances in nanocarriers as drug delivery systems in chagas disease","volume":"14","author":"Quezada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1983.11811668","article-title":"The activity of fexinidazole (HOE 239) against experimental infections with Trypanosoma cruzi, trichomonads and Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"77","author":"Raether","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3109\/08982104.2011.575381","article-title":"Mannosylated liposomes bearing amphotericin B for effective management of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"21","author":"Rathore","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29336","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA05101B","article-title":"Assessment of in vitro cytotoxicity of imidazole ionic liquids and inclusion in targeted drug carriers containing violacein","volume":"10","author":"Rivero Berti","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9121749","article-title":"Applications of nanomaterials in leishmaniasis: a focus on recent advances and challenges","volume":"9","author":"Saleem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34039","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34039","article-title":"Spontaneous dormancy protects trypanosoma cruzi during extended drug exposure","volume":"7","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Valdez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.149872","article-title":"Pentamidine movement across the murine blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers: effect of trypanosome infection, combination therapy, P-glycoprotein, and multidrug resistance-associated protein","volume":"329","author":"Sanderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026616666160216154309","article-title":"Neglected tropical protozoan diseases: drug repositioning as a rational option","volume":"16","author":"Sbaraglini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.73-79.2006","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo interactions between miltefosine and other antileishmanial drugs","volume":"50","author":"Seifert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2011.1232","article-title":"Development and performance evaluation of alginate-capped amphotericin B lipid nanoconstructs against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Singodia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00097","article-title":"Orally bioavailable and effective buparvaquone lipid-based nanomedicines for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.4.2.177","article-title":"Miltefosine: oral treatment of Leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Soto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Ver. Anti Infect. Therap"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01838","article-title":"Function of macrophage and parasite phosphatases in leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Soulat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201700097X","article-title":"Lipid-core nanocapsules increase the oral efficacy of quercetin in cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"144","author":"Sousa-Batista","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762010000600003","article-title":"The benefits of using selenium in the treatment of chagas disease: prevention of right ventricle chamber dilatation and reversion of Trypanosoma cruzi-induced acute and chronic cardiomyopathy in mice","volume":"105","author":"Souza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S133708","article-title":"Ravuconazole self-emulsifying delivery system: in vitro activity against Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes and in vivo toxicity","volume":"12","author":"Sp\u00f3sito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-016-0538-7","article-title":"Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome\u00ae): a review of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical experience and future directions","volume":"76","author":"Stone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.11.041","article-title":"Tailoring microstructural, drug release properties, and antichagasic efficacy of biocompatible oil-in-water benznidazol-loaded nanoemulsions","volume":"555","author":"Streck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1086\/318121","article-title":"Failure of pentavalent antimony in visceral leishmaniasis in India: report from the center of the Indian epidemic","volume":"31","author":"Sundar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B168","first-page":"733","article-title":"Miltefosine in the treatment of leishmaniasis: clinical evidence for informed clinical risk management","volume":"3","author":"Sundar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk. Manag."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-014-0136-3","article-title":"Determination of an optimal dosing regimen for fexinidazole, a novel oral drug for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis: first-in-human studies","volume":"53","author":"Tarral","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b01218","article-title":"Identification of GSK3186899\/DDD853651 as a preclinical development candidate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"62","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02529","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in leishmaniasis: broadening horizons","volume":"9","author":"Tomiotto-Pellissier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30538-8","article-title":"Treatment of adult chronic indeterminate chagas disease with benznidazole and three E1224 dosing regimens: a proof-of-concept, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Torrico","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet. Inf. Dis."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.03.611","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics and follow-up period in the treatment of human Trypanosoma cruzi infections with posaconazole","volume":"70","author":"Urbina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.09.001","article-title":"Box 1. Pathogenesis of chagas disease: auto-immunity or parasite persistence?","volume":"11","author":"Urbina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00273-X","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo activities of ravuconazole on Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas disease","volume":"21","author":"Urbina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.02.002","article-title":"Novel benzoxaborole, nitroimidazole and aminopyrazoles with activity against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Van Bocxlaer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drug"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2018.01.006","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamics of three novel antileishmanial lead series","volume":"8","author":"Van den Kerkhof","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860802528833","article-title":"Antileishmanial activity, pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution studies of mannose-grafted amphotericin B lipid nanospheres","volume":"17","author":"Veerareddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Drug Target"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2019.1652593","article-title":"Advances in preclinical approaches to chagas disease drug discovery","volume":"14","author":"Villalta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug. Dis."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0044","article-title":"Benznidazole nanoformulates: a chance to improve therapeutics for chagas disease","volume":"97","author":"Vinuesa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144118","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-9199-jvatitd-1441-18","article-title":"Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for the treatment of neglected tropical protozoan diseases","volume":"25","author":"Volpedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S106548","article-title":"Nanoliposomal artemisinin for the treatment of murine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"Want","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.124804","article-title":"Combination therapy with amphotericin B and doxorubicin encapsulated in mannosylated nanomicelles for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"598","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloid. Surface. A"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00829","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00829-19","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nitroimidazole DNDI-0690 in mouse models of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"63","author":"Wijnant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S30139","article-title":"Interest in paromomycin for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)","volume":"8","author":"Wiwanitkit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Therapeutics and clinical risk management. Ther. Clin. Risk. Manag"},{"key":"B186","unstructured":"15453644Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness) (factsheet)"},{"key":"B187","unstructured":"Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) (factsheet)"},{"key":"B188","unstructured":"Leishmaniasis. (factsheet)"},{"key":"B189","unstructured":"Report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases (fact sheet 949)"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0171","article-title":"Lipsosomal amphotericin B for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"83","author":"Wortmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9318","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820175116","article-title":"Preclinical candidate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis that acts through proteasome inhibition","volume":"116","author":"Wyllie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0356-z","article-title":"Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 is a drug target for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"560","author":"Wyllie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02605-14","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic comparison to determine the mechanisms underlying the differential efficacies of cationic diamidines against first- and second-stage human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.193","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo activity of amphotericin B-lipid formulations against experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infections","volume":"61","author":"Yardley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e720","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000720","article-title":"NECT is next: implementing the new drug combination therapy for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness","volume":"4","author":"Yun","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2020.601151\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T03:54:00Z","timestamp":1606362840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2020.601151\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"references-count":195,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fchem.2020.601151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2020.601151","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"article-number":"601151"}}