{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:40:12Z","timestamp":1791830412653,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005075","name":"Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005075","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Encapsulation of single microbial cells by surface-engineered shells has great potential for the protection of yeasts and bacteria against harsh environmental conditions, such as elevated temperatures, UV light, extreme pH values, and antimicrobials. Encapsulation with functionalized shells can also alter the surface characteristics of cells in a way that can make them more suitable to perform their function in complex environments, including bio-reactors, bio-fuel production, biosensors, and the human body. Surface-engineered shells bear as an advantage above genetically-engineered microorganisms that the protection and functionalization added are temporary and disappear upon microbial growth, ultimately breaking a shell. Therewith, the danger of creating a \u201csuper-bug,\u201d resistant to all known antimicrobial measures does not exist for surface-engineered shells. Encapsulating shells around single microorganisms are predominantly characterized by electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particulate micro-electrophoresis, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, and X-ray diffraction. It is amazing that X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is forgotten as a method to characterize encapsulated yeasts and bacteria. XPS was introduced several decades ago to characterize the elemental composition of microbial cell surfaces. Microbial sample preparation requires freeze-drying which leaves microorganisms intact. Freeze-dried microorganisms form a powder that can be easily pressed in small cups, suitable for insertion in the high vacuum of an XPS machine and obtaining high resolution spectra. Typically, XPS measures carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus as the most common elements in microbial cell surfaces. Models exist to transform these compositions into well-known, biochemical cell surface components, including proteins, polysaccharides, chitin, glucan, teichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and hydrocarbon like components. Moreover, elemental surface compositions of many different microbial strains and species in freeze-dried conditions, related with zeta potentials of microbial cells, measured in a hydrated state. Relationships between elemental surface compositions measured using XPS in vacuum with characteristics measured in a hydrated state have been taken as a validation of microbial cell surface XPS. Despite the merits of microbial cell surface XPS, XPS has seldom been applied to characterize the many different types of surface-engineered shells around yeasts and bacteria currently described in the literature. In this review, we aim to advocate the use of XPS as a forgotten method for microbial cell surface characterization, for use on surface-engineered shells encapsulating microorganisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.666159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T10:05:33Z","timestamp":1619085933000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy on Microbial Cell Surfaces: A Forgotten Method for the Characterization of Microorganisms Encapsulated With Surface-Engineered Shells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henny C.","family":"van der Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk J.","family":"Busscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150216","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0216","article-title":"High-throughput detection of ethanol-producing cyanobacteria in a microdroplet platform","volume":"12","author":"Abalde-Cela","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2007.01.055","article-title":"XPS analysis of chemical functions at the surface of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"309","author":"Ahimou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(88)90122-8","article-title":"Surface properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis: chemical composition, electrostatic charge, and hydrophobicity","volume":"938","author":"Amory","year":"","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2050-0416.1988.tb04561.x","article-title":"Flocculence of brewery yeasts and their surface properties: chemical composition, electrostatic charge, and hydrophobicity","volume":"94","author":"Amory","year":"","journal-title":"J. Inst. Brew."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9486","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201603270","article-title":"Layer-by-layer encapsulation of probiotics for delivery to the microbiome","volume":"28","author":"Anselmo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17600","DOI":"10.1021\/ja056428l","article-title":"Deposition of CTAB-terminated nanorods on bacteria to form highly conducting hybrid systems","volume":"127","author":"Berry","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4725","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.16.4725-4733.1999","article-title":"Structure of gram-negative cell walls and their derived membrane vesicles","volume":"181","author":"Beveridge","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.07.007","article-title":"Penetration monitoring of drugs and additives by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy\/tape stripping and confocal Raman spectroscopy\u2013a comparative study","volume":"130","author":"Binder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2019.100018","article-title":"Direct observation of the cell-wall remodeling in adhering Staphylococcus aureus 27217: an AFM study supported by SEM and TEM","volume":"5","author":"Boudjemaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Surf."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.337","article-title":"Differences of cell surface characteristics between the bacterium Pseudomonas veronii and fungus Ophiostoma stenoceras and their different adsorption properties to hydrophobic organic compounds","volume":"650","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1993.1118","article-title":"Physicochemical surface characteristics of urogenital and poultry lactobacilli","volume":"156","author":"Cuperus","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2050-0416.1997.tb00954.x","article-title":"Flocculation mechanisms of top and bottom fermenting brewing yeast","volume":"103","author":"Dengis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Inst. Brew."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5047","DOI":"10.1021\/la025646e","article-title":"Single living cell encapsulation in nano-organized polyelectrolyte shells","volume":"18","author":"Diaspro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.07.050","article-title":"Uranium adsorption and subsequent re-oxidation under aerobic conditions by Leifsonia sp. \u2013coated biochar as green trapping agent","volume":"242","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3008355","article-title":"pH-responsive layer-by-layer nanoshells for direct regulation of cell activity","volume":"6","author":"Drachuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.179.4.1023-1028.1997","article-title":"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of whole cells and isolated cell walls of gram-positive bacteria: comparison with biochemical analysis","volume":"179","author":"Dufr\u00eane","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10521","DOI":"10.1021\/la3014514","article-title":"Bacterial sunscreen: layer-by-layer deposition of UV-absorbing polymers on whole-cell biosensors","volume":"28","author":"Eby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1039\/B914065D","article-title":"A direct technique for preparation of magnetically functionalised living yeast cells","volume":"6","author":"Fakhrullin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4557","DOI":"10.1021\/nn301776y","article-title":"\u201cFace-lifting\u201d and \u201cmake-up\u201d for microorganism: layer-by-layer polyelectroleyte nanocoating","volume":"6","author":"Fakhrullin","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs15264a","article-title":"Cyborg cells: functionalisation of living cells with polymers and nanomaterials","volume":"41","author":"Fakhrullin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14459","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b08108","article-title":"Click reaction for reversible encapsulation of single yeast cells","volume":"13","author":"Geng","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5135","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.175.16.5135-5144.1993","volume":"175","author":"Gerin","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.05.025","article-title":"Effect of biomimetic mineralization on enamel and dentin: a raman and EDX analysis","volume":"35","author":"Guentsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2369","article-title":"C-type lectin receptors orchestrate antifungal immunity","volume":"13","author":"Hardison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02782652","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of Escherichia coli","volume":"20","author":"Harkes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201402381","article-title":"A stable, reusable, and highly active photosynthetic bioreactor by bio-interfacing an individual cyanobacterium with a mesoporous bilayer nanoshell","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1039\/C4SC02638A","article-title":"\u201cSelf-repairing\u201d nanoshell for cell protection","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15407","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CC06323F","article-title":"Amino acid-based biohybrids for nano-shellization of individual desulfurizing bacteria","volume":"50","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6025","DOI":"10.1021\/nn201791k","article-title":"Graphene as cellular interface: electromechanical coupling with cells","volume":"5","author":"Kempaiah","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12279","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201305081","article-title":"Bioinspired, cytocompatible mineralization of silica-titania composites: thermoprotective nanoshell formation for individual Chlorella cells","volume":"52","author":"Ko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1039\/C0SM01070G","article-title":"Hydrogen-bonded LbL shells for living cell surface engineering","volume":"7","author":"Kozlovskaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.2184","article-title":"Surface characterization of the gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis-an XPS study","volume":"38","author":"Leone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9630","DOI":"10.1021\/la801851h","article-title":"Microscopic investigations of the Cr(VI) uptake mechanism of living Ochrobactrum anthropi","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106600","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA16320C","article-title":"The bio-reduction of chromate with periplasmic reductase using a novel isolated strain Pseudoalteromonas sp. CF10-13","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13661","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201706910","article-title":"Manganese dioxide nanozymes as responsive cytoprotective shells for individual living cells encapsulation","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1803925","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201803925","article-title":"Biofilm-inspired encapsulation of probiotics for the treatment of complex infections","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7293","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201503167","article-title":"Biomimetic replication of microscopic metal-organic framework patterns using printed protein patterns","volume":"27","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7910","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201602335","article-title":"Metal-organic framework coatings as cytoprotective exoskeletons for living cells","volume":"28","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2009.08.004","article-title":"Organic-inorganic hybrid material for the cells immobilization: long-term viability mechanism and application in BOD sensors","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.04.085","article-title":"Cr(VI) reductase activity locates in the cytoplasm of Aeribacillus pallidus BK1, a novel Cr(VI)-reducing thermophile isolated from Tengchong geothermal region, China","volume":"371","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/0927-7765(94)80050-2","article-title":"The relevance of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for analysis of microbial cell surface: a critical view","volume":"2","author":"Marshall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1139\/m97-039","article-title":"Cluster analysis of genotypically characterized Lactobacillus species based on physicochemical cell surface properties and their relationship with adhesion to hexadecane","volume":"43","author":"Millsap","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-141-1-11","article-title":"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and biochemical analysis of the surface of Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 12046","volume":"141","author":"Mozes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4032","DOI":"10.1021\/la702284b","article-title":"Characterization of the cell surface and cell wall chemistry of drinking water bacteria by combining XPS, FTIR Spectroscopy, modeling, and potentiometric titrations","volume":"24","author":"Ojeda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/s0968-4328(97)00072-3","article-title":"The ultrastructure of yeast: cell wall structure and formation","volume":"29","author":"Osumi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2007.09.049","article-title":"XAS and XPS studies on chromium-binding groups of biomaterial during Cr(VI) biosorption","volume":"317","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12420","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201484661","article-title":"A cytoprotective and degradable metal-polyphenol nanoshell for single-cell encapsulation","volume":"53","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06780-11","article-title":"Bacterial cell surface damage due to centrifugal compaction","volume":"78","author":"Peterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.03.049","article-title":"Start-up, performance and optimization of a compost biofilter treating gas-phase mixture of benzene and toluene","volume":"190","author":"Rene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0927-7765(94)80049-9","article-title":"Application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to microorganisms","volume":"2","author":"Rouxhet","year":"1994","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4032","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201900255","article-title":"Enzyme modulated anaerobic encapsulation of Chlorella cell towards functionalization switching for H2 production","volume":"131","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01068","article-title":"Changing priorities in vaccinology: antibiotic resistance moving to the top","volume":"9","author":"Tagliabue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(00)00053-3","article-title":"Technology of mammalian cell encapsulation","volume":"42","author":"Uludag","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.55.11.2806-2814.1989","article-title":"Physicochemical surface properties of nonencapsulated and encapsulated coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"55","author":"Van der Mei","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(90)90100-3","article-title":"On the difference between water contact angles measured on partly dehydrated and on freeze-dried oral streptococci","volume":"136","author":"Van der Mei","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00045.x","article-title":"Detection by physico-chemical techniques of an amphiphilic surface component on Streptococcus mitis strains involved in non-electrostatic binding to surfaces","volume":"104","author":"Van der Mei","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374970110040301","article-title":"The use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for the study of oral streptococcal cell surfaces","volume":"11","author":"Van der Mei","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1159\/000261404","article-title":"Comparison of physicochemical surface properties of Streptococcus rattus with those of other mutans streptococcal species","volume":"25","author":"Van der Mei","year":"1991","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5729(00)00003-0","article-title":"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for the study of microbial cell surfaces","volume":"39","author":"Van der Mei","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surf. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6622(88)80024-6","article-title":"Properties of oral streptococci relevant for adherence: zeta potential, surface free energy, and elemental composition","volume":"32","author":"Van der Mei","year":"","journal-title":"Colloids Surf."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.170.6.2462-2466.1988","article-title":"Surface properties of Streptococcus salivarius HB and nonfibrillar mutants: measurement of zeta potential and elemental composition with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","volume":"170","author":"Van der Mei","year":"","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3560","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200704718","article-title":"Yeast cells with an artificial mineral shell: protection and modification of living cells by biomimetic mineralization","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201000494","article-title":"Extracellular silica nanocoat confers thermotolerance on individual cells: a case study of material-based functionalization of living cells","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.12.070","article-title":"Simultaneous microbial reduction of vanadium (V) and chromium (VI) by Shewanella loihica PV-4","volume":"227","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa097","article-title":"Single-cell yolk-shell nanoencapsulation for long-term viability with size-dependent permeability and molecular recognition","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.08.071","article-title":"Facile preparation of MnO2 functionalized baker's yeast composites and their adsorption mechanism for cadmium","volume":"259","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7525","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc42766h","article-title":"Alleviation of high light-induced photoinhibition in cyanobacteria by artificially conferred biosilica shells","volume":"49","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1021\/ja1100189","article-title":"Mussel-inspired encapsulation and functionalization of individual yeast cells","volume":"133","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1021\/la203667z","article-title":"Cytocompatible encapsulation of individual Chlorella cells within titanium dioxide shells by a designed catalytic peptide","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9160","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200903010","article-title":"Biomimetic encapsulation of individual cells with silica","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c21790","article-title":"Escherichia coli colonization of intestinal epithelial layers in vitro in the presence of encapsulated Bifidobacterium breve for its protection against gastro-intestinal fluids and antibiotics","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1021\/la902937s","article-title":"Polyelectrolyte-mediated assembly of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on living yeast cells","volume":"26","author":"Zamaleeva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2004529","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202004529","article-title":"Prebiotics-encapsulated probiotic spores regulate gut microbiota and suppress colon cancer","volume":"32","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2021.666159\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T10:05:36Z","timestamp":1619085936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2021.666159\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fchem.2021.666159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2021.666159","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"article-number":"666159"}}