{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T21:27:37Z","timestamp":1757453257630,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"Narodowym Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herein we report on fabrication and properties of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on the spray-coated films of N,N\u2032-dioctyl naphthalene diimide (NDIC8) doped with 2.4\u00a0wt% of poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). OFETs with the untreated NDIC8:P3HT films revealed electron conductivity [\u03bc<jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>* = 5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u20134<\/jats:sup>\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00d7(Vs)<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>]. After the annealing in chloroform vapor the NDIC8:P3HT films revealed the hole transport only [\u03bc<jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub>* = 0.9 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u20134<\/jats:sup>\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00d7(Vs)<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>]. Due to the chemical nature and energy levels, the hole transport was not expected for NDIC8-based system. Polarized optical- and scanning electron microscopies indicated that the solvent vapor annealing of the NDIC8:P3HT films caused a transition of their fine-grained morphology to the network of branched, dendritic crystallites. Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering studies indicated that the above transition was accompanied by a change in the crystal structure of NDIC8. The isotropic crystal structure of NDIC8 in the untreated film was identical to the known crystal structure of the bulk NDIC8. After the solvent annealing the crystal structure of NDIC8 changed to a not-yet-reported polymorph, that, unlike in the untreated film, was partially oriented with respect to the OFET substrate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.703710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T08:58:19Z","timestamp":1628153899000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Electron-to Hole Transport Change Induced by Solvent Vapor Annealing of Naphthalene Diimide Doped with Poly(3-Hexylthiophene)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Janus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Danielewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Chlebosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Goldeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Kiersnowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001028","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202001028","article-title":"Solution\u2010Processable Multifused Thiophene Small Molecules and Conjugated Polymer Semiconducting Blend for Organic Field Effect Transistor Application","volume":"6","author":"Afraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11685","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00160","article-title":"Functional Naphthalene Diimides: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications","volume":"116","author":"Al Kobaisi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10924","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3043836","article-title":"Growth of Polythiophene\/Perylene Tetracarboxydiimide Donor\/Acceptor Shish-Kebab Nanostructures by Coupled Crystal Modification","volume":"6","author":"Bu","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202009996","article-title":"All Slot-Die Coated Non-fullerene Organic Solar Cells with PCE 11%","volume":"31","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905963","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201905963","article-title":"Understanding the Meniscus\u2010Guided Coating Parameters in Organic Field\u2010Effect\u2010Transistor Fabrications","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2017.01.071","article-title":"Formation, growth and transformations of crystalline phases in solution-cast blends of poly(3-hexylthiopehene) and perylene dicarboximides","volume":"140","author":"Chlebosz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dyes Pigm."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1039\/d0me00092b","article-title":"Recrystallization upon solvent vapor annealing and impact of polymer crystallinity on hole transport in poly(3-hexylthiophene):small molecule blends","volume":"5","author":"Chlebosz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Des. Eng."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12112662","article-title":"Switching from Electron to Hole Transport in Solution-Processed Organic Blend Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"12","author":"Fidyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"113","article-title":"Interfaces in Organic Field-Effect Transistors","volume-title":"Organic ElectronicsTibor Grasser, Gregor Meller and Ling Li","author":"Horowitz","year":"2010"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"05HC12","DOI":"10.7567\/jjap.53.05hc12","article-title":"A development and evaluation of micro-gravure coater for printed electronics","volume":"53","author":"Hwang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2012.10.038","article-title":"Comparative study of soluble naphthalene diimide derivatives bearing long alkyl chains as n-type organic thin-film transistor materials","volume":"14","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Org. Elect."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7830","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TC01502C","article-title":"Ultrathin film heterojunctions by combining solution processing and sublimation for ambipolar organic field-effect transistors","volume":"6","author":"Janasz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013606","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.3.013606","article-title":"Influence of side-chain length and geometry on the thermal expansion behavior and polymorphism of naphthalene diimide-based thin films","volume":"3","author":"Jiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2009.08.004","article-title":"A thermally resistant and air-stable n-type organic semiconductor: Naphthalene diimide of 3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl aniline","volume":"159","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/cjoc.201400867","article-title":"Naphthalene Diimide Templated Synthesis of Pillar[6]arenes","volume":"33","author":"Ke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2019.06.010","article-title":"Efficient combination of Roll-to-Roll compatible techniques towards the large area deposition of a polymer dielectric film and the solution-processing of an organic semiconductor for the field-effect transistors fabrication on plastic substrate","volume":"73","author":"Koutsiaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Org. Elect."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4546","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TC00755D","article-title":"Influence of alkyl side-chain length on the carrier mobility in organic semiconductors: herringbone vs. pi-pi stacking","volume":"4","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2016.10.029","article-title":"Novel organic photovoltaic polymer blends: A rapid, 3-dimensional morphology analysis using backscattered electron imaging in the scanning electron microscope","volume":"160","author":"Masters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Solar Energ. Mater. Solar Cell"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-00843-x","article-title":"Author Correction: Predictive modelling of structure formation in semiconductor films produced by meniscus-guided coating","volume":"20","author":"Michels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/s41428-019-0282-4","article-title":"A liquid-crystalline semiconducting polymer based on thienylene-vinylene-thienylene: Enhanced hole mobilities by mesomorphic molecular ordering and thermoplastic shape-deformable characteristics","volume":"52","author":"Mori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tc00562c","article-title":"Polythiophene-perylene diimide heterojunction field-effect transistors","volume":"1","author":"Puniredd","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603083","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201603083","article-title":"Controlled Crystallization of Conjugated Polymer Films from Solution and Solvent Vapor for Polymer Electronics","volume":"27","author":"Schulz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1039\/C3EE44125C","article-title":"Structure formation in P3HT\/F8TBT blends","volume":"7","author":"Sepe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11504","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CC15144D","article-title":"A core-extended naphthalene diimide as a p-channel semiconductor","volume":"47","author":"Suraru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900375","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201900375","article-title":"Recent Efforts in Understanding and Improving the Nonideal Behaviors of Organic Field\u2010Effect Transistors","volume":"6","author":"Un","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/asiamat.2010.44","article-title":"Organic heterostructures in organic field-effect transistors","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2021.703710\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T08:58:24Z","timestamp":1628153904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2021.703710\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fchem.2021.703710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2021.703710","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2646"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-2646"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"article-number":"703710"}}