{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:45:37Z","timestamp":1762868737392,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The major societal problem of polymeric waste necessitates new approaches to break down especially challenging discarded waste streams. Gamma radiation was utilized in conjunction with varying solvent environments in an attempt to discern the efficacy of radiolysis as a tool for the deliberate degradation of model network polyesters. Our EPR results demonstrated that gamma radiolysis of neat resin and in the presence of four widely used solvents induces glycosidic scissions on the backbone of the polyester chains. EPR results clearly show the formation of alkoxy radicals and C-centered radicals as primary intermediate radiolytic products. Despite the protective role of the phenyl groups on the backbone of the radiation-induced polyester chains, the radiolytic-glycosidic scissions predominate. Among the following three solvents used in this study (water, isopropyl alcohol, and dichloromethane), the highest radiolytic yield of glycosidic scission was achieved using water. The \u2022OH radicals produced in the radiolysis of phenyl unsaturated polyester aqueous suspensions very rapidly abstract H atoms from the methylene group, which is followed by a very rapid glycosidic scission. The lowest glycosidic yield was found in the dichloromethane solutions of these polyester resins due to scavenging by the fast electron capture reactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.803347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T04:55:36Z","timestamp":1641876936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["On the Mechanism of the Steady-State Gamma Radiolysis-Induced Scissions of the Phenyl-Vinyl Polyester-Based Resins"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lorelis","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Logan","family":"Kearney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Janke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Wishart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nihal","family":"Kanbargi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Al-Sheikhly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.24395","article-title":"Physico-mechanical Properties of Gamma-Irradiated clay\/polyester Nanocomposites","volume":"39","author":"Abdel-Rahman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-006-0149-1","article-title":"Curing Reaction of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Modified by Dicyclopentadiene","volume":"8","author":"Chiu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-4628(19980124)67:4<695:aid-app12>3.0.co;2-r","article-title":"Characterization of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Cured with Styrene","volume":"67","author":"Delahaye","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/48479","article-title":"Unsaturated Polyester Resin for Specialty Applications","volume-title":"Polyester","author":"Dholakiya","year":"2012"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11145","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b02355","article-title":"Approaches to Sustainable and Continually Recyclable Cross-Linked Polymers","volume":"6","author":"Fortman","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sust. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq0324","article-title":"The Future of Plastics Recycling","volume":"358","author":"Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1700782","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700782","article-title":"Production, Use, and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made","volume":"3","author":"Geyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/1359-0197(91)90085-G","article-title":"The Radiation Resistance of Thermoset Plastics-II. Phenolic Plastics with Organic Fillers","volume":"38","author":"Gilfrich","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrumentation. C. Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1126\/science.297.5582.803","article-title":"Biodegradable Polymers for the Environment","volume":"297","author":"Gross","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/bbpc.19910950346","article-title":"J. W. T. Spinks. R. J. Woods: An Introduction to Radiation Chemistry, Third Edition, John-Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, Toronto 1990. ISBN 0-471-61403-3. 574 Seiten, Preis: DM 91, 45","volume":"95","author":"Henglein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft f\u00fcr physikalische Chem."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao6711","article-title":"The Promise of Plastics from Plants","volume":"358","author":"Hillmyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trechm.2019.03.004","article-title":"Future Directions for Sustainable Polymers","volume":"1","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Chem."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(96)82909-0","article-title":"Volume Shrinkage Characteristics in the Cure of Low-Shrink Unsaturated Polyester Resins","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"volume-title":"Physical Chemistry IV Part 2: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance","year":"2016","author":"Jeschke","key":"B14"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2007.08.021","article-title":"Fundamental Aspects of the Radiolysis of Solid Polymers, Crosslinking and Degradation","volume":"265","author":"Kerry Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. Section B: Beam Interactions Mater. Atoms"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.8b02477","article-title":"Catalyst-Free Vitrimers from Vinyl Polymers","volume":"52","author":"Lessard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254401","article-title":"Toward Recyclable Thermosets","volume":"344","author":"Long","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471440264.pst102.pub2","article-title":"Dynamic Mechanical Analysis in the Analysis of Polymers and Rubbers","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology","author":"Menard","year":"2015"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1063\/1.555978","article-title":"Rate Constants for Reactions of Aliphatic Carbon\u2010Centered Radicals in Aqueous Solution","volume":"25","author":"Neta","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Reference Data"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat4967","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat4967","article-title":"A Path for Lignin Valorization via Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Sustainable Composites with Enhanced 3D Printability","volume":"4","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2013.04.014","article-title":"Radiation-induced Degradation of an Epoxy Thermoset Supported by Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"94","author":"Nowicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1099-0488(19970130)35:2<371:aid-polb13>3.0.co;2-f","article-title":"Time-temperature Transformation (TTT) Cure Diagram of an Unsaturated Polyester Resin","volume":"35","author":"Ramis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(99)00184-6","article-title":"Unsaturated Polyester Resins: Influence of the Styrene Concentration on the Miscibility and Mechanical Properties","volume":"41","author":"Sanchez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.7b02299","article-title":"Reprocessable Acid-Degradable Polycarbonate Vitrimers","volume":"51","author":"Snyder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"B26","article-title":"Unsaturated Polyester Resins","volume-title":"Fundamentals, Design, Fabrication, and Applications","author":"Thomas","year":"2019"},{"year":"1980","author":"Tipson","journal-title":"Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry","key":"B23"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1515\/znb-1976-0627","article-title":"Radiation Chemistry of Carbohydrates, Vlll. \u03b3-Radiolysis of Cellobiose in N2O-Saturated Aqueous Solution. Part II. Quantitative Measurements. Mechanisms of the Radical-Induced Scission of the Glycosidic Linkage","volume":"31","author":"von Sonntag","year":"1976","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1221806","article-title":"Recycling of the #5 Polymer","volume":"337","author":"Xanthos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2021.803347\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T04:55:44Z","timestamp":1641876944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2021.803347\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fchem.2021.803347"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2021.803347","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2646"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-2646"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"article-number":"803347"}}