{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:36:55Z","timestamp":1792291015209,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epichlorohydrin (ECH) is toxic to humans <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> multiple routes and is a potential carcinogen. The accurate measurement of ECH at trace level (&amp;lt;0.1\u00a0\u03bcg\/L) is still an obstacle hindering the monitoring and regulation of municipal water systems. In this study, an improved headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) procedure is developed and optimized to extract and enrich ECH with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. A total 17.4-time enhancement in extraction efficiency is achieved compared with the default condition. Specifically, the AC\/PDMS\/DVB fiber offered a 4.4-time enhancement comparing with the PDMS\/DVB fiber. The effects of different mineral salts in SPME were studied and it was found that an addition of 3\u00a0g Na\u2082SO\u2084 in the SPME head achieved an additional 3.3-time increase. The pattern how sodium sulfate enhanced ECH extraction by salting out is discussed. The optimization of extraction conditions (pH = 7, 35\u00b0C, and 20\u00a0min extraction duration) brought another 1.2 times further. Combined with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, the optimized method exhibits curve linearity in the range of 0.02\u20131.00\u00a0\u03bcg\/L with an R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> of 0.998. The limit of detection, precision, and accuracy of the method are 0.006\u00a0\u03bcg\/L, 2.6%\u20135.3%, and \u22123.5% to \u22122.0%, respectively. The recovery of ECH spiking in tap water and surface water was investigated, with recovery rates of 88.0%\u2013116% and 72.5%\u2013108%, respectively. Adhering to the requirements of existing water quality regulations, our method shows a high potential to be applied in drinking water quality monitoring and water treatment process assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.1004269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T04:58:12Z","timestamp":1664254692000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Improved solid-phase microextraction extraction procedure to detect trace-level epichlorohydrin in municipal water systems by HS-SPME-GC\/MS"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wubin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingsi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaoqing","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaheng","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2004.02.033","article-title":"Determination of epichlorohydrin by sulfite derivatization and ion chromatography: characterization of the sulfite derivatives by ion chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry","volume":"1034","author":"Bruzzoniti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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