{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:24:26Z","timestamp":1787315066821,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Artemisinin (\n                    <jats:bold>1<\/jats:bold>\n                    ) is a milestone compound in malaria treatment, and it exhibits a broad scope of bioactivities. Herein, sequential chemo-reduction and biotransformation of artemisinin were undertaken to obtain a series of artemisinin derivatives.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    First, 10-deoxyartemisinin (\n                    <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n                    ) and 9-ene-10-deoxyartemisinin (\n                    <jats:bold>3<\/jats:bold>\n                    ) were synthesized after simple handling with boron trifluoride\/diethyl ether and sodium borohydride. Then, biotransformation of 10-deoxyartemisinin was conducted with\n                    <jats:italic>Cunninghamella echinulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    CGMCC 3.4879 and\n                    <jats:italic>Cunninghamella elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    CGMCC 3.4832, and the transformed products were separated and identified. The antimalarial activity of these products was tested\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    against\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    3D7.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Fifteen metabolites\n                    <jats:bold>(4\u201318)<\/jats:bold>\n                    , including seven novel compounds, were isolated and identified after cultivation. Compounds\n                    <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:bold>3<\/jats:bold>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:bold>13<\/jats:bold>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:bold>15<\/jats:bold>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:bold>16<\/jats:bold>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:bold>18<\/jats:bold>\n                    displayed moderate-to-good antimalarial activity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration ranging from 6 to 223\u00a0nM.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This work explored the combination of chemical and biological transformation to develop a co-environmental, efficient, and cost-efficiency synthetic methodology and applied it to synthesize novel derivatives of artemisinin. The association of the two strategies will hopefully provide an abundant source for the development of novel drugs with bioactivities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.1089290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T01:04:49Z","timestamp":1674522289000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Combined chemical transformation and biological transformation of artemisinin: A facile approach to diverse artemisinin derivatives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xinna","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2008.07.005","article-title":"Cunninghamella-a microbial model for drug metabolism studies-a review","volume":"27","author":"Asha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. 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